Biology: Chapter 4 - Formal Flashcards
What does the Cell Theory state?
a. All living organisms are composed of cells.
b. Nothing smaller than a cell is considered to be alive.
c. Cells arise only from preexisting cells, and all living organisms have descended from the earliest cells.
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
What is a Prokayotic Cell?
A cell that has a uniform cytoplasm and no organelles.
What is a Plasma Membrane?
A double lipid layer with proteins inserted in it, which surrounds every cell individually.
What is a Eurkaryotic Cell?
A cell that has organelles and a nucleus.
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formed when prokaryotic cells well engulfed by larger cells that were precursors to eukaryotic cells.
How are large macromolecules moved across the plasma membrane?
Bulk transport uses vesicles.
What is phagocytosis?
The endocytosis of large materials such as food particles.
What is endocytosis?
The process of engulfing material outside the cell into the cellular membrane via vesicles.
What is pinocytosis?
The endocytosis of liquid.
What is exocytosis?
Bulk transport where molecules move out of the cell via secretory vesicles.
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
It brings macromolecules into the cell through selective receptor proteins that bind to the macromolecules trying to gain entry through coated pits on the mebrane.
What is facilitated diffusion?
When molecules move down their concentration gradient through protein channels in the membrane. These channels are specific for the structures of the individual molecules.
What is active transport?
Molecules move against their concentration gradient through protein channels in the membrane and require energy. Channels are specific for the structures of individual molecules.
What is thermodynamics?
The study of energy or heat changes.
What are the laws of thermodynamics?
- The first law states that energy can not be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.
- The second law states that without and input of energy, energy transformations proceed from a more ordered less stable to a more disordered more stable form.
What does entropy indicate?
The relative amount of disorder in the universe.
An increase in entropy in the universe indicates that…
cells are going through transformations.