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Biology - Chapters 4-5 > Biology: Chapter 4 - Formal > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 4 - Formal Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Cell Theory state?

A

a. All living organisms are composed of cells.
b. Nothing smaller than a cell is considered to be alive.
c. Cells arise only from preexisting cells, and all living organisms have descended from the earliest cells.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What is a Prokayotic Cell?

A

A cell that has a uniform cytoplasm and no organelles.

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4
Q

What is a Plasma Membrane?

A

A double lipid layer with proteins inserted in it, which surrounds every cell individually.

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5
Q

What is a Eurkaryotic Cell?

A

A cell that has organelles and a nucleus.

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6
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formed when prokaryotic cells well engulfed by larger cells that were precursors to eukaryotic cells.

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7
Q

How are large macromolecules moved across the plasma membrane?

A

Bulk transport uses vesicles.

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The endocytosis of large materials such as food particles.

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9
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of engulfing material outside the cell into the cellular membrane via vesicles.

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10
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The endocytosis of liquid.

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11
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Bulk transport where molecules move out of the cell via secretory vesicles.

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12
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

It brings macromolecules into the cell through selective receptor proteins that bind to the macromolecules trying to gain entry through coated pits on the mebrane.

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13
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When molecules move down their concentration gradient through protein channels in the membrane. These channels are specific for the structures of the individual molecules.

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14
Q

What is active transport?

A

Molecules move against their concentration gradient through protein channels in the membrane and require energy. Channels are specific for the structures of individual molecules.

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15
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

The study of energy or heat changes.

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16
Q

What are the laws of thermodynamics?

A
  1. The first law states that energy can not be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.
  2. The second law states that without and input of energy, energy transformations proceed from a more ordered less stable to a more disordered more stable form.
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17
Q

What does entropy indicate?

A

The relative amount of disorder in the universe.

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18
Q

An increase in entropy in the universe indicates that…

A

cells are going through transformations.

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19
Q

When entropy increases it…

A

decreases the available energy and is lost as heat.

20
Q

Original molecules in chemical reactions are called

A

substrates or reactants.

21
Q

The molecules that occur as a result of the chemical reaction are called

A

products.

22
Q

What is an endergonic chemical reaction?

A

An endergonic chemical reaction is when products contain more energy than the reactants. It requires energy and does not occur spontaneously.

23
Q

What is an exergonic chemical reaction?

A

When the products contain less energy than the reactants. Energy is released and it tends to occur spontaneously.

24
Q

Every chemical reaction takes a certain amount of __________.

A

energy.

25
Q

Explain the steps in the enzyme catalysis

A
  1. The substrate sucrose consits of glucose and fructose bonded together.
  2. The substrate binds to active site of the enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
  3. The binding of the substrate-enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond and it breaks.
  4. Products are released and the enzyme is free to bind to other substrates.
26
Q

What factors affect an enzymes activity?

A

Temperature and pH.

27
Q

The rate of enzyme reaction is highest when

A

it has an optimal pH.

28
Q

What does pH change affect in the enzyme?

A

Interactions, ionization, or it can cause the enzyme to become inactive.

29
Q

Describe the ATP cycle.

A

Energy from exergonic reactions - ATP - Energy from endergonic reactions - ADP - REPEAT.

30
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

31
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Potential energy is stored energy. Objects that are not in motion but have the ability to move.

32
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

The nuclear membrane encloses the nucleus and regulates passage of materials in and out of the nucleus.

33
Q

Chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic DNA divides into segments associated with protein.

34
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains information for the construction of ribosomes that are needed for protein synthesis.

35
Q

What are the components of the Endomembrane System?

A

ER, the Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, and Peroxisomes.

36
Q

Endoplastmic Reticulum (ER)

A

manufactures and packages carbohydrates and lipids into vesicles and readies proteins for export from the cell.

37
Q

The Golgi Complex

A

Collects, packages, and distrubutes molecules within the cell and packages them for excretion from the cell.

38
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest worn out particles and recycle proteins and other materials.

39
Q

Peroxisomes

A

House enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and convert them fats to carbohydrates.

40
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Protein fibers - microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

41
Q

Movement across the cell membrane occurs in what 3 ways?

A
  1. Water diffuses through the membrane.
  2. Particles and liquid are engulfed by the membrane.
  3. Proteins in the membrane allow passage of certain molecules.
42
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random molecular motion disperses them from areas of high concentration into areas of lower concentration until distrubution is equal.

43
Q

Selective Diffusion

A

uses channel proteins to control what enters and exits their membranes.

44
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Uses carrier proteins to carry substances in and out of the cell.

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a membrane

until equillibrium has been reached. Aquaporin Channels.

46
Q

What is active transport?

A

A process that requires both transport protein and energy to move molecules from and area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration.

47
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

Active transport which uses protein channels to move materials against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy.

Biology - Chapters 4-5 (4 decks)

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