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Freshman Biology > Biology Chapter 2 test and 3-1 10-2-15 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 test and 3-1 10-2-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A
  • anything that occupies space and has mass
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2
Q

What is mass?

A
  • quantity of matter an object has
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3
Q

What are elements?

A
  • pure substances that can not be broken down chemically into simpler molecules
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4
Q

Where are elements listed?

A
  • periodic table
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5
Q

What does every atom contain a certain number of?

A
  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons
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6
Q

Describe neutrons.

A
  • neutrons and protons make up nucleus
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7
Q

What charge are protons?

A

-positive

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8
Q

What charge are electrons?

A
  • negative

- reason bonds form between atoms

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9
Q

What are electrons?

A
  • very small particles that are found on orbitals or energy levels
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10
Q

What do electrons allow elements to do?

A
  • ‘stick’ together
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11
Q

What is the atomic number?

A
  • tells us the number of protons (+) and the number of electrons (-)
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12
Q

What is atomic mass?

A
  • (rounded up) mass of nucleus (# of protons and neutrons)
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13
Q

How do you calculate the amount of neutrons in an element?

A
  • atomic mass - number of protons
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14
Q

What are compounds?

A
  • a pure substance made up of 2 or more elements ex. water
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15
Q

What are molecules?

A
  • simplest part of substance, found in free state (hydrogen)
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16
Q

What do electrons help atoms do?

A
  • stick to each other and form bonds
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17
Q

List the 3 types of bonds from strongest to weakest.

A
  • covalent
  • ionic
  • hydrogen
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18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A
  • share electrons (strongest bond) ex. water
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19
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A
  • transfer electrons (usually particles) are involved- ex NaCl (table salt)
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20
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A
  • weak/break easily
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21
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • charged particle
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22
Q

What is energy?

A
  • the ability to do work or cause change (different forms such as…. light, heat)
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23
Q

What is free energy?

A
  • energy available for work
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24
Q

reactant + reactant yields products

A

H₂0 + O₂ -> H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide)

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25
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A
  • hot to touch

- release of free energy

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26
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A
  • cold to touch
  • absorption of free energy
    R + R P
27
Q

What is activation energy?

A
  • amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
28
Q

What are catalysts?

A
  • reduce the amount of energy needed- thus speeds up the reaction
29
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • biological catalysts
30
Q

Why do oxidation reactions happen?

A
  • because of transfer of electrons
31
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A
  • loses an electron becoming positively charged
32
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A
  • gains an electron becoming more negative
33
Q

oxidation and reduction happen together

A
  • t swiftttt
34
Q

LEO says GER

A

loses electrons oxidized - gains electrons reduced

35
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A
  • solid, liquid, gas
36
Q

How do catalysts affect reactions?

A
  • speed them up
37
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  • biological catalyst
38
Q

What is the difference between products and reactants?

A
  • products- when two reactants are combined

- reactants- form products

39
Q

What is a solution?

A
  • a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
40
Q

What is a solute?

A
  • being dissolved
41
Q

What is a solvent?

A
  • doing the dissolving
42
Q

What is the dissociation of water?

A
  • how water breaks down
43
Q

What does water break down into?

A
  • Hydroxide ions OH- (minus not a dash)

- Hydrogen ions H+

44
Q

When do hydrogen ions (H3O+) form?

A
  • when a hydrogen ion bonds with a water molecule
45
Q

What does the pH scale compare?

A
  • the amount of hydronium ions or hydroxide ions in a solution
46
Q

What does more OH- indicate?

A
  • a base
47
Q

What does more H3O+ (H+) molecules indicate?

A
  • an acid
48
Q

What does the pH scale range from?

A
  • 0-14

- can have decimals such as 0.2

49
Q

On pH scale do small changes make a big difference?

A
  • yes
50
Q

What is neutral on the pH scale?

A
  • 7 ex. water
  • below 7- acidic
  • above 7- basic or alkaline
51
Q

What are buffers?

A
  • help neutralize acids or bases to help living things
52
Q

What is a universal solvent?

A
  • water

- dihydrogen monoxide H₂O

53
Q

What is a polar compound?

A
  • there is an uneven distribution of electrons between its oxygen and hydrogen atoms
54
Q

Water can also…

A
  • heat up and cool down quickly due to hydrogen bonds
55
Q

What is adhesion?

A
  • the attraction between molecules of different substances
56
Q

What is capillary action?

A
  • allows water to move up tubes, such as roots, against the force of gravity
57
Q

What is cohesion?

A
  • the attraction between molecules of the same substance
58
Q

What does cohesion result in?

A
  • drops of water and surface tension
59
Q

What is surface tension?

A
  • a force exerted by the surface of the water on the particles below
60
Q

What does cohesion allow for?

A
  • pond swimmers, dirt bikes, and the Jesus Christ Lizard to be able to stay on top of the water
61
Q

What happens when water freezes?

A
  • it expands
62
Q

Describe ice.

A
  • less dense than liquid water and it also floats when it forms
  • this acts as an insulator for ponds
63
Q

What happens when ice expands?

A
  • it can also break rock which eventually forms soil or potholes!

Freshman Biology (2 decks)

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