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Jared — 2023/24 > Biology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What has research shown to be included in the basic components of the physical world?

A

Information — there is a design that requires something non-material — something beyond matter and energy.

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2
Q

Define Biology.

A

The study of life.

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

The fundamental unit of life.

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4
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life?

A

The cell.

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5
Q

What are habitats?

A

Living spaces.

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6
Q

What is microbes short for?

A

Microorganisms

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7
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Response to stimulus
  5. Adaptation
  6. Reproduction and heredity
  7. Growth and development
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8
Q

What are the three levels of organization?

A
  1. Order
  2. Complexity
  3. Design
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the three levels of organization?

A

To help distinguish between non-living and living matter.

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10
Q

What is order?

A

A description of sequencing or positioning of items.

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11
Q

What is complexity?

A

A reference to order that is not specified or specific.

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12
Q

Describe irreducible complexity.

A

When a system is made up of several interacting components, each of which is necessary for the system to function, and non of which can be made by modifying an already-existing component.

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13
Q

What is another word for design?

A

Specified complexity

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14
Q

Define design.

A

The arrangement that conveys meaning or purpose.

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15
Q

How does the metabolism serve a living organism?

A

The metabolism allows an organism the ability obtain energy and use it for building molecules that are essential for life and carrying out the various life processes.

-energy, building, essential, function

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16
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in an individual cell to sustain life.

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17
Q

What are the two categories of metabolism?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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18
Q

Define catabolism.

A

The chemical reactions occurring in an individual cell that break down complex molecules into simple ones, releasing energy that the organism can use.

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19
Q

Define Anabolism.

A

The chemical reactions that build complex molecules from simple ones, usually requiring the input of energy.

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20
Q

Define homeostasis and provide an example.

A

The ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.

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21
Q

Explain response to stimulus and how it differs from homeostasis.

A

There are occasions when an organism receives information about its environment which doesn’t involve the internal environment of the organism (e.g. organism moves toward helpful molecules and away from harmful.)

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22
Q

Explain adaptation.

A

The long-term adjustment that an organism makes (homeostasis is short-term adjustments to a changing environment).

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23
Q

What is a niche?

A

The specific habitat that an organism lives in.

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24
Q

Define Symbiosis.

A

A longstanding relationship between organisms of different species.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction and heredity?

A

To pass on genetic information to offspring.

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26
Q

Define asexual.

A

A mode of reproduction in which the offspring comes from only one organism.

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27
Q

Define sexual reproduction.

A

A mode of reproduction which combines genetic information from a male individual and a female individual to produce offspring,

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28
Q

What molecule transmits genetic information?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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29
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth occurs when an organism increase its number of cells, the size of its cells, or both.

30
Q

Explain development.

A

Development entails the process of becoming mature. Some cells undergo a fundamental change in their appearance and function across time.

31
Q

Define differentiation.

A

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific set of tasks.

32
Q

What is the term used to group organisms into categories?

A

Organization of life.

33
Q

What is the first level organization. Define and provide examples.

A

Pre-biotic. These are non-living. Atoms combine to form molecules, macromolecules, organelles.

34
Q

Name the 12 organizations of life.

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. cell organelles
  4. Cell
  5. Tissue
  6. Organ
  7. System of organs
  8. Organism
  9. Population
  10. Community
  11. Ecosystem
  12. Biom
35
Q

When does the organization of life transition from non-living to living things?

A

Up to cell organelles is non-living. Cells are living organisms.

36
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic form of life.

37
Q

Define tissue and give an example.

A

Tissue is the joining of cells that work together as a unit for a specific purpose. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

38
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue in animals?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

39
Q

What are the four basic types of plant tissue?

A

Meristematic — holds cells that will differentiate
Epidermal — epidermal layer; aids in support and provides place for the vessels insides the roots, stem, and leaves.
Grounds — soft parts of the stem
Vascular — important in the formation of the vessels that allow substances to be transported through the plant.

40
Q

What is an organ?

A

When two or more types of tissues join to work as a unit for a specific purpose.

41
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organ system is a group of organs joined together and functions for a specific purpose.

42
Q

What is an individual form of life called?

A

Organism

43
Q

Define organism.

A

An individual form of life.

44
Q

Define population.

A

A group of one species interacting in a particular environment.

45
Q

Define community

A

The interaction of different populations (e.g. birds, insects and plants)

46
Q

Define ecosystem.

A

Interactions of these living organisms with the physical world they inhabit.

47
Q

Define biomes and name the 7 terrestrial biomes and 3 aquatic biomes.

A

Biomes are an area that ecosystems interact with.

Terrestrial biomes:
1. Tundra
2. Coniferous forests
3. Temperate forests
4. Rainforests
5. Scrublands
6. Grasslands
7. Deserts

Aquatic Biomes
1. Lakes
2. Coastal
3. Ocean

48
Q

What is a biosphere? What is the name of our biosphere?

A

When all the biomes are viewed collectively, including their interactions with each other. Earth is our biome.

49
Q

Define taxonomy.

A

The science of classifying things, such as organisms.

50
Q

Name the 8 taxonomy divisions.

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Dear King Phillip Came Over from Germany Swimming

51
Q

Define extant.

A

Currently living organisms.

52
Q

Define extinct.

A

No longer living organisms.

53
Q

Does taxonomy deal with extant or extinct organisms?

A

Both.

54
Q

Name the three domains that all organisms can be divided into.

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

55
Q

Name the two basic kinds of cells.

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

56
Q

Define Prokaryotic

A

A cell without organelles.

57
Q

Define eukaryotic

A

A cell with organelles.

58
Q

Which type of cell has a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic

59
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

To house DNA

60
Q

Can a cell have DNA without a nucleus?

A

Yes — the DNA is just not housed in an organelle.

61
Q

What cell type are the domains of bacteria and archaea found?

A

Prokaryotic cell.

62
Q

What is a supergroup?

A

A highly controversial term within Domain Eukarya which includes the proposed evolutionary lineage for the appearance of these organisms.

63
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya? Tell a characteristic about each.

A

Protista — most diverse, primarily single cell with a few multi-called,

Fungi — important to breaking down dead matter and returning the components back to the earth

Plantae — largest range of size, through photosynthesis can use sunlight energy to produce energy rich molecules for themselves and other forms of life.

Animalia — most familiar, quite diverse, obtain food from other sources, thus dependent on other forms of life for survival

64
Q

How are kingdoms divided?

A

Phyla (phylum)

65
Q

What is a phylum?

A

A group of organisms that have a lot more similarities with one another than with other members of teh same group of kingdom.

66
Q

What term is used to divide phylum?

A

Classes

67
Q

What are classes?

A

Further divides phylum into members that have more in common with one another than they do with other members of the phylum.

68
Q

What happens as you go lower into the taxonomy system.

A

Animals is the grouping are more similar

69
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

When there are two names.

70
Q

What is a subspecies.

A

When a species is divided up into smaller groups; it will have three words for their names.

Jared — 2023/24 (5 decks)

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