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Grade 11 > Biology-cells > Flashcards

Biology-cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell biology?

A

Cells are the basic functional unit of living organisms.

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2
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • The cell is the smallest living organisational unit
  • All organisms are composed of all cells
  • All cells come form pre-existing cells
  • Cells are specialised for many different purposes.
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3
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Eukaryotes- multiple number of cells

- Prokaryotes- One cell only (generally found in water)

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4
Q

More about eukaryotes:

A

Eukaryotes have cells with a true nucleus, and their cytoplasm includes specialised structure called membrane-bound organelles.

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5
Q

More about prokaryotes:

A

Prokaryotes have cells with a ‘primitive’ nucleus and lack these structures.

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6
Q

Facts about a cell wall: (PLANT)

A
  • Cell walls are made of specialised sugars called cellulose.
  • Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive.
  • It is used in protection and support and helps the cell to keep its shape.
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7
Q

Facts about cellulose: (PLANT)

A
  • Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate.
  • Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that function as sources of energy for living things.
  • Plants are able to make their own carbohydrates that they use for energy and to build their cell walls.
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8
Q

Cell membrane?

A

A delicate bilayer of phospholipid molecules which encloses the cytoplasm in all cells and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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9
Q

Cell wall?

A

A non-living cellulose structure outside the cell membrane. It provides support, prevents expansion of the cell, allows water and dissolved substances to pass freely through it.

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10
Q

Centrioles?

A

A pair of cylindrical structures composed of microtubules.

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11
Q

Chloroplasts?

A

Found in some plant cells. They are green organelles in which photosynthesis takes place.

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12
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A network of intracellular membranes, which links with the cell membrane. it is involved with the production, processing. transport and storage of materials within the cell.

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of flat membrane sacs where the final synthesis and packaging of proteins into membrane-bound vesicles that contain powerful enzymes which breakdown debris and foreign material.

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14
Q

Lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain powerful enzymes which breakdown debris and foreign material.

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15
Q

Mitochondria?

A

Composed of folded layers of membrane. Is involved in cellular respiration in which energy is transformed and released for use by the cell.

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16
Q

Nucleus?

A

A large organelle that communicates with the cytoplasm and contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cells.

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17
Q

Plastids?

A

a group of organelles in plants which form simple organelles called proplasts.

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18
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Tiny organelles that assemble proteins.

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19
Q

Vacuole?

A

Contain food, enzymes or fluid.

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20
Q

Vesicles?

A

Membrane-bound and are associated with the transport of substances within the cell.

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21
Q

cilia and flagella

A

propel many unicellular organisms through water

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22
Q

Organelles present only in animal cells?

A

Centrioles, flagella and cilia, lysosomes

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23
Q

Organelles present only in plant cells?

A

Cell wall, large central vacuole and plastids i.e. chloroplasts

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24
Q

Osmosis?

A

The passive net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area where there are more free water molecules to an area where there are fewer free water molecules.

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25
Q

Diffusion?

A

The passive net movement of molecules from a region where they are in a high concentration to a region where they are in low concentration.

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26
Q

What are the 4 types of diffusion through membranes?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated diffusion using carriers
  4. Facilitated diffusion through channels
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27
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of simple glucose formed together by plants

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28
Q

how do plants make glucose?

A

Plants make glucose (formed by photosynthesis) to use for energy or to store as starch for later use.

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29
Q

What are both living and non-living things made of?

A

They are made form chemical elements such as hydrogen, carbon, calcium and nitrogen.

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30
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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31
Q

What are important organic compounds for living organisms?

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts.

32
Q

About oxygen and carbon dioxide:

A

In most living organisms, oxygen is needed to release energy from food molecules.
Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon used by plants to produce organic molecules

33
Q

About water:

A

-living organisms are 70-90% water and have a high heat capacity, with a tendency to stick to each other.

34
Q

About minerals:

A

Form part of the structures of all cells, the concentrations of these solutes determine the amount of water that enters the cells and which ions and molecules that are available for the cell to use.

35
Q

About organic compounds:

A

Four main = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid.

36
Q

About carbohydrates:

A

made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, most abundant organic compound. Basic unit = monosaccharides. Two single sugars joined form a disaccharide. Polsaccharide is many sugars.

37
Q

Lipids?

A

Fats and oils, phospholipids and steroids. composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.

38
Q

Proteins?

A

MAny different types with many different functions. contain carbon, hydrogen, oxyfen and nitrogen. Made of amino acids

39
Q

Nucleic acid?

A

Gentuc material, DNA and RNA

40
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, two sides i.i. double helix, puts proteins in right order and sticks it together.

41
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid-one side, makes protein.

42
Q

Where does exchange on cells take place?

A

Occurs across areas of the surface that are in contact with the environment.

43
Q

What happens when an organism gets bigger?

A

They have a relatively smaller surface area available.

44
Q

How do cells counter act having a smaller surface area?

A

Change the shape of the surface.

45
Q

How do larger organisms have a larger surface area?

A

They have specialised organs that give them a larger surface area.

46
Q

What do cell membranes control?

A

Molecules entering and leaving cells and also the movement of substances between organelles.

47
Q

What are membrane receptors involved with?

A

Communication, cell-cell recognition and electrical activity in excitable cells.

48
Q

How are membranes composed?

A

Composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules including proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.-phospholipid bilayer.

49
Q

What are phospholipid molecules composed of?

A

a hydrophobic part (afraid of water/ water repellent) and a hydrophilic part (like water)

50
Q

When in an aqueous solution, how do the phospholipid molecules line up?

A

They line up with their hydrophobic tails pointing away from the solution.

51
Q

What does the phospholipid molecule do to the membranes?

A

Makes the membranes impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

52
Q

What are most membrane functions carried out by?

A

By proteins which are located throughout the membrane.

53
Q

Why are membranes fluid structures?

A

Because individual lipid molecules are free to move about within the layers.

54
Q

What does cholesterol do to the membrane?

A

Large numbers of cholesterol molecules located between the phospholipid molecules increase the stability of the membrane.

55
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Decreases the permeability of the membrane to small water-soluble molecules

56
Q

What will proteins do on the phospholipid bi-layer?

A

They may cross the phospholipid layers or be confined to only one layer.

57
Q

What do proteins provide on the phospholipid layer?

A

Provide the channels through which water-soluble molecules and ions pass, facilitated diffusion and active transport occur through these channels.

58
Q

How are carbohydrates generally found on the plasma membrane?

A

Usually found on the outer surface of the membrane linked to protruding proteins, they play a role in the recognition and adhesion between cells.

59
Q

How does diffusion occur?

A

All molecules in a solution move about at high speeds and in random directions, resulting in diffusion.

60
Q

Diffusion definition:

A

DIFFUSION is the passive net movement of molecules from a region where they are high concentration to a region where they are in low concentration.

61
Q

How does diffusion relate to the concentration gradient?

A

Diffusion is driven through the concentration gradient, requiring no further input of energy. The larger the gradient, the more rapidly diffusion occurs.

62
Q

What does diffusion rely on?

A

The ability of the diffusing molecules to pass through the membrane.

63
Q

Osmosis definition:

A

Osmosis is the passive net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area where there are more free water molecules to an area where there are less free water molecules.

64
Q

What do selectively permeable membranes do?

A

allow free passage of water molecules but block the passage of most solutes.

65
Q

What is active transport about?

A

To pump a molecule across a membrane against its gradient requires work, therefore the cell must expend energy.

66
Q

What does active transport allow a cell to maintain?

A

Enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules that differ to concentrations in its environment.

67
Q

What type of energy fuels most active transport?

A

ATP-Adenosine Tri Phosphate

68
Q

How is a way ATP can power active transport?

A

By transferring its terminal phosphate group directly to the transport protein.

69
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

Exchanges sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells.

70
Q

Tonicity definition:

A

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

71
Q

How is the tonicity of a solution determined?

A

Depends in part on its concentration of solutes that cannot cross the membrane relative to that is the cell itself.

72
Q

In what situation will water tend to leave the cell?

A

If there are more non-penetrating solutes in the surrounding solution.

73
Q

In what solution will there be no net movement in an animal cell?

A

If it is immersed in an environment that is isotonic to the cell.

74
Q

What will happen if a cell is submersed in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell will lose water to the environment, shrivel and probably die.

75
Q

What will happen if a cell is submerged in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell and lyse (really full)

76
Q

Why is osmoregulation used?

A

Animals or other organisms without riid cell walls living in hypotonic or hypertonic environments must have special adaptations for osmoregulation, the control of water balance.

Grade 11 (6 decks)

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