Biology - Body Systems Flashcards
what is an organelle?
a small structure in a cell surrounded by a membrane which has a specific function
what is the function of a plant cell?
photosynthesis
see lesson 3 doc very important
what is the function of a animal cell?
basic structural and functional unit of the life form see lesson 3 doc very important
nucleus
controls cell activities and is surrounded by a nucleus
nucleolus
located withing the nucleus, makes ribosomes
cytoplasm
support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, sorts and transports materials out of the cell also secretes the products of the endoplasmic rectilium
lysosome
(animal only)
gets ride of useless, harmful or dead cells
ribosomes
allows protein to be manufactured
rough endoplasmic recticulum
releases protein
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
acids in breaking down toxins
mitochondria
releases energy through respiration
cell membrane
allow substances to pass into and out of the cell
cell wall
(plant only)
protects, supports and maintains the shape of the cell
chloroplasts
(plant only)
converts light energy to stored energy (sugars) by photosynthesis
what is a tissue
refers to a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
what are the 4 main types of tissues
epithelial - forms the lining of internal organs and glands
connective tissue - provides support and protection
muscle tissue - allows for movement
nervous tissue - transmits signals throughout the body
what are different organs made up of?
different combination of these 4 types of tissue, they work together to perform the organ’s specific function
what is an organ?
group of tissues in the body that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions
what are the main body systems?
muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, endocrine
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the digestive system?
breaks down and absorbs nutrients and removes undigested - main organs: mouth oesophagus, stomach, rectum, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the circulatory system?
(cardiovascular)
transports substances such as nutrients, oxygen, hormones and metabolic wates (eg carbon dioxide)
main organs: heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the endocrine system?
produces hormones that coordinate the body
main organs: glands
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the excretory system?
filters and removes metabollic wastes
main organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, lungs, skin
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the immune and lymphatic systems?
protects from pathogens and toxins
main organs: lymphocytes, bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph vessels and fluids, spleen
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the muscular and skeletal system?
supports, moves and protects the body and organs
main organs: muscles, skeleton
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the nervous system?
coordinates the body’s rapid responses
main organs: nerves, brain, sense organs
what are the main organs and tissues and functions of the respiratory system?
supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body
main organs: lungs bronchi, trachea, nose
what is the circulatory system
system that carries the food and oxygen in the blood vessels to cells where they are use for growth and repair of tissues and respiration which provides energy
what is blood and what is it composed of?
bodily fliud that circulated through the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries to transport oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and to remove waste products
it is composed of RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
what are blood vessels?
paths through which blood circulates throughout the body. main function of blood vessels is to transport blood from the heart to the body’s tissues organs and then back to the heart
what are the 3 main blood vessels and what is there purpose
arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, having thick walls to withstand the pressure of the pumping heart
veins - carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and have thinner walls than arteries
capillaries -very small vessels that connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of oxygen nutrients and waste products between the blood and the body’s cells.
what is the digestive system?
group of organs that work together to break down food and absorb nutrients
how does the digestive system work?
- starting in the mouth, food is chewed then mixed with saliva
- which travels down the oesophagus into the stomach, mixing with the stomach acid and broken down further
- then moves into small intestine, broken down again and nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream
- waste products move into the large intestine and finally rectum and anus, where they are eliminated from the body through the process of defecation
what is digestion?
function of digestion is the process in which the body breaks down food into molecules that can be absorbed using energy and building materials for cells
eliminates indigestible food products through the large intestine and rectum
what is the liver and what is its function?
the chemical factory of the body, many functions including the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and detoxification of the blood
storing glycogen formed from glucose and acts as a readily available energy supply
what are nutrients?
the food substances an organism requires to grow and function correctly to maintain health
what are the main nutrients and their use
protein - formation, growth and repair of tissues including muscle building and enzyme
carbohydrates - used in respiration to provide energy for activities and cell functioning
fats - provide energy to store and an insulating layer under the skin and around organs to keep the body and organs warm
vitamins - needed in small amounts of body growth, chemical reactions and body functions
minerals - body functioning and chemical reactions, eg calcium provides strength to bones and teeth, iron is used in the formation of blood, plants need nitrates to make protein and magnesium
what is the endocrine system and its functions?
collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions
functions include growth and development, metabolism, mood, sexual function
what is a gland?
group of cells that produce and secrete substances eg hormones and enzymes and chemical compounds
what does the endocrine gland do?
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream which then travels to target cells and organs to regulate the body
what is a hormone and how do they move around the body?
chemical substance that exert an effect on metabolism, growth and development. produced in small quantities in one part of an organism and generally carried to other parts of the body
what does the endocrine hormone do?
binds to specific receptors to regulate various bodily functions
what are the major glands of the endocrine system?
pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testis
what hormone does the thyroid produce and what is its function?
thyroxin - regulates metabolism, growth and temp
what hormone does the ardrenal produce and what is its function?
adrenalin - increases heart and respiration rates and prepares body for action
what hormone does the pituitary produce and what is its function?
pituitary hormones eg growth and thyroid stimulating hormone - controls growth, puberty, nutrition, water absorption by kidneys, and other glands
what hormone does the testes produce and what is its function?
testosterone - produces male secondary sexual characteristics (eg sex organs, hair, voice box)
what hormone does the ovary produce and what is its function?
oestrogen, progesterone - produces female secondary sexual characteristics (breasts) controls menstrual cycle and prepares uterus for embryos
what hormone does the pancreas produce and what is its function?
insulin - regulates storage of carbohydrates and glucose in blood
what hormone does the parathyroid produce and what is its function?
parathyroid - controls the amount of calcium in the blood
what is the excretory system?
bodily system that is responsible for the elimination of waste products and toxins from the body
what are the main organs?
kidneys, lungs, liver, skin
what is the function of the kidneys?
located at the back of the abdominal cavity, filters blood and removes excess water, electrolytes and waste in form of urine
what is the function of the lungs?
eliminates carbon dioxide, wastes in the metabolism, through respiration
what is the function of the liver?
detoxifies harmful substances, eg drugs and alcohol converts them into harmless compounds to be eliminated
what is the function of the skin?
eliminate wastes through sweat (composed of water and salt), as well as other substances like urea and lactate
how does the nervous system work?
complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body, made up of the PNS and CNS
what is the function of the PNS?
includes all nerves that extend outside the CNS is responsible for transmitting signals to and from the CNS
what is the function of the CNS?
brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing info and coordinating action
what is the basic unit of the nervous system and what is its function?
neuron, transmits electrical signals
How do neurons communicate with each other?
synaptic transmission, neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the next neuron, transmitting the signal
what affects the thickness of the myelin sheath?
the diameter of the axon regulates this
what is the muscular system?
responsible for the movement and generation of force
what are muscles?
composed of muscle fibres that contract and relax to produce movement. attached to the bones and other structures by tendons (strong, fibrous, cords of tissue that transmit the force of muscle contraction) ligaments are the connective tissues that hold bones together to stabilize the joints.
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
where is smooth muscle found and what is it responsible for?
involuntary movements eg contraction of the stomach and intestines during digestion
where is skeletal muscle found and what is it responsible for?
muscle tissue attached to the bones and is responsible for voluntary movements eg jumping
where is cardiac muscle found and what is it responsible for?
in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood
main characteristics of a plant cell?
cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole
main characteristics of a animal cell?
cell membrane, vacuole, nucleus, cell wall
what is the respiratory system?
responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment
what is the main composition of the respiratory system?
lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
what are the three main parts of a neuron? what is a nerve cell
a nerve cell also a neuron is responsible for transmitting signals in the body, main parts are cell body, dendrites, axon
what is the cell body?
known as the soma contains the cells nucleus and other organelles
what are the dendrites?
thin branching extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neutrons.
what is an axon?
long, thin extension of the cell body that sends signals to other cells, covered with the myelin sheath, fatty insulation that helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals
