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BIO1130 > Biology, Biologists, and Biosciences > Flashcards

Biology, Biologists, and Biosciences Flashcards

1
Q

Ages of Sand (4)

A

Douglas Adams 1952-2001
Four ages of sand

  • Telescope 1608
  • Microscope 1678 (Cell theory, etc)
  • Computer chip 1961 (storing large amounts of information)
  • Fiber optics 1980s(GPS, sharing genome sequencing info and other info, communications)
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2
Q

Analogy

A

A comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

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3
Q

Binomen

A

In zoological nomenclature, a binomen, or binominal name, is the name of a species. A binomial name assigned to species, as Canis familiaris for the dog.

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4
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

The system of nomenclature using two terms, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species.

Apis mellifera
(Honey bee)

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5
Q

Biogeography

A

The branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
(1707-1788)

Buffons Law: as organisms move, they adapt to their environments (therefore appearance changes)

Australia split before mammals- so all marsupials inhabit the continent
South America: same situation- large birds (until North America and the birds 
were wiped out)
Pangea (all earth)

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6
Q

Catastrophe Theory

A

Proposed by George Cuvier (1769-1832)

He also proposed the extinction theory

Think Noah’s Arc, New species were created after catastrophic floods

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7
Q

Cell Theory

A

The idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann

– The basic unit of all organisms
is the cell
– Individual cells have all the
characteristics of life and
– All cell come from the division of
other cells

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8
Q

Chronological Prediction

A

Fortelling the future based on past events

Compare to LOGICAL prediction

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9
Q

Cladogram

and

Cladistics

A

A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species

The modern application of taxonomy to identify evolutionary relationships. Cladistic taxonomy traces the evolution of specific characters (traits), and aims to define groups of related species (clades) based on the extent to which these features diverge from those of ancestral forms

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10
Q

Common Ancestry

A

One of Darwin’s 5 theories

  • LUCA (Lowest Universal Common Ancestor)
  • All species descend from one species, change via evolution

Evidence for this:

  • Comparative anatomy (convergent and divergent evolut)
  • Comparative embryology
  • Vestigial Structures
  • Molecules (changes in amino acid sequences can give info about ancestors)
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11
Q

Constancy of Species

A

One of Darwin’s 5 theories

  • Fossils (In the carboniferous era, coal deposits were formed because there were no organisms to break down plants)
  • Extinction
  • Transitional forms (observing different forms to adjust to surroundings)
  • (Vestigial structures)
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12
Q

Control

A

A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method.

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13
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.
The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action. Flying insects, birds, and bats have all evolved the capacity of flight independently. They have “converged” on this useful trait.

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14
Q

Cuvier (Georges)

A

1769-1832

He collected fossils and put whole organisms together

He gives the concepts of extinction (finding organisms that no longer exist)

and also of the catastrophe theory (think Noah’s Arc)

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15
Q

Darwin (Charles)

A

1809-1882

Recognized that in a population of organisms, there are variations

Some traits are better suited for the environment

Comes up with NATURAL SELECTION as well as his four other theories; Common ancestory, no constancy of species, gradual changes, multiplication of species

Huge database of animals to which this theory applies

The Beagle for 5 years to the Galapagos Islands*

Did not follow through with medical or church careers

Naturalist/biologist household

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16
Q

Darwin (Erasmus)

A

Grandfather of Charles Darwin, he translated Linneaus taxonomy into English

He also writes a poem called the temple of nature, which illustrates the gradual changes taking place in different species

1731-1802

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17
Q

Deduction

A

Deduction (from the general to the
specific): All insects have wings
and this animal is an insect. This
animal has wings.

Logically strong

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18
Q

Descent with modification

A

Evolution is defined as descent with modification.

An offspring of an organism that has been modified in some way

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19
Q

Divergent evolution

A

(1) The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar.

(2) The process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor that indicate how they have diversified and diverged.

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20
Q

Domain

A

In taxonomy, domain is below life and above kingdom

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya (3 domains of life)

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21
Q

Empirical Observation

A

Observation based on experience; determined from experimental data, as opposed to theoretical.

Physical Science is based on empirical observation.

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22
Q

Essentialism

A

The scala natura is greatly based on essentialism

There is no change in organisms and importance levels

400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman ages

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23
Q

Eukaryotes

A

A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes.

Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried.

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24
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or “tree” showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics. The taxa joined together in the tree are implied to have descended from a common ancestor.

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25
Q

Extinction

A

Theory by Georges Cuvier (based on fossil records and the catastrophe theory)

One of Darwin’s Five theories (also observing fossils)

The state or process of ceasing or causing an organism to cease to exist.

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26
Q

Fact

A

The truth- as opposed to an interpretation or something that is not true.

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27
Q

Fitness

A

Fitness is defined by the number of genes you put into the next generation: more genes, more fitness

Survival, reproduction

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28
Q

Fossil Record

A

the accumulation of fossils and related geological data that give us clues about the past and its taxonomic history.

Charles Darwin had a large fossil record.

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29
Q

Germ Theory

A

Pasteur (1822-1895)

The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, germ theory was validated in the late 19th century and is now a fundamental part of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices.

The ancient historical view was that disease was spontaneously generated instead of being created by microorganisms that grow by reproduction

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30
Q

Historical Narrative

A

Natural science is based on historical narrative

Historical writing in a story based form

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31
Q

Homology

A

Homology forms the basis of organization for comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function”. Organs as different as a bat’s wing, a seal’s flipper, a cat’s paw and a human hand have a common underlying structure of bones and muscles. Owen reasoned that there must be a common structural plan for all vertebrates, as well as for each class of vertebrates.

Forelimbs in mammals provide one example of homology.
Homologous traits of organisms are due to sharing a common ancestor, and such traits often have similar embryological origins and development. This is contrasted with analogous traits.

32
Q

Homoplasy (Analogous)

A

Similarity in species of different ancestry that is the result of convergent evolution is called homoplasy.

similarities between organisms that were not present in the last common ancestor of the taxa being considered but rather evolved separately.

An example of analogous traits would be the wings of bats and birds, which evolved separately but both of which evolved from the vertebrate forelimb and therefore have similar early embryology.

33
Q

Huxley(Julian)

A

(1887-1975)

Synthetic theory of evolution (combined the work of Darwin and Mendel)

Population genetics
and natural selection

34
Q

Hypothesis

A

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

35
Q

Induction

A

Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the premises, the conclusion is probable.

36
Q

Lamarck (Jean-Baptiste)

A

(1744-1829)

Transmutation of Species

He was unaware that genes were predetermined-

He believed traits were passed on based on the function of the organism (giraffe necks)

One species would transmutate into another based on these changes

37
Q

Law

A

A statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions are present

38
Q

Leclerc (George-Louis-Buffon)

A

(1707-1788)

Common ancestor

Biogeography

Morphology to adapt in different environments.
Noticing similarities in cats in different geographical areas
Buffons Law: as organisms move, they adapt to their environments (therefore appearance changes)

39
Q

Linnean taxonomy

A

kim paquet came over for good sex

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Castoridae
Genus: Castor
Species: canadensis

The “scientific revolution” 16th – 18th century
Linnaeus – Taxanomic hierarchy

Named genus, species

40
Q

Linnaeus (Carolus)

A

Taxonomic
hierarchy
Binomen and
binomial
nomenclature

How to organize the living world

Nested hierarchy* (folder system)

It is importatnt because then predicitons can be made form this system.

41
Q

Logical Prediction

A

Not chronological

42
Q

Lyell (Charles)

A

(1797- 1875)

Uniformitarian
theory of geological
change
Stratigraphy and the
geological time
scale

Notices that deposits of rock that have eroded have 
Strata* 


Microfossils and fossils


Rocks from different places, noticing changes in fossils
Because it happened over a long period of time, the layers of rock could not be created in a few days
Questioning the age of the world

43
Q

Mendel (Gregor)

A

(1822-1884)

Rediscovered
1900.
 Law of
segregation of
characters
 Law of
independent
assortment

Pea plant geneticist 
Inheritable traits are passed through generations in packages 
(Traits from both parents are passed to the next, only one is visible)
Some packages sort independently: color vs. size 
Concept later called diploid (and haploid)

Austrian Monk, had a copy of origin of species but they never met-

44
Q

Modern Biology

A

19th century: Modern biology

Cell theory
(Schleiden and Schwann – 1860)
– The basic unit of all organisms
is the cell
– Individual cells have all the
characteristics of life and
– All cell come from the division of
other cells

Mendel

20th Century

Huxley

Cellular respiration, ATP and mitochondia (1930-1950)
 Ecology (1940’s)
 DNA is the genetic materials (1943)
 DNA structure (1953)
 Gene regulation (1961)
 Genetic code (1960’s)
 Recombinant DNA experiments (1970’s)
 Cloning of a mammal (1997)
 Human genome sequence (2000)

Molecular biology
and biochemistry
 Genetics
 Cell biology
 Physiology
 Developmental
biology
 Morphology
 Evolution and
systemic biology
 Ecology
 Behavioural biology
 Nutrition
 Disease mechanisms
 Pharmacology
 Genomics
 Proteomics

Ages of Sand (18-19th century)

45
Q

Natural Sciences

A

 Animate objects
 More than physical and
chemical laws (Genetics)
 Not Universal
 Based on historical
narratives
 Induction most used
method

In the early 1930’s, natural sciences were unable to explain anything using math & empirical observtion.

46
Q

Natural Selection

A

First demonstration of gene frequency varying over time- 
because of changes in the environment. (In a natural population)

Industrial Melanism: The prevalence of dark-colored varieties of animals (esp. moths) in industrial areas where they are better camouflaged against predators than paler forms

47
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error

No difference

48
Q

Organicists

A

Organicism: The doctrine that everything in nature has an organic basis or is part of an organic whole

Organicists (1930) – vital force replaced by
genetic program and the importance of
emergence (swarm behaviour)

49
Q

Pasteur (Louis)

A

Life from life
not
spontaneous
generation
 Germ theory

Pasteurization

First rabies and anthrax vaccines

Flask experiment: one had bacteria and the other did not

50
Q

Physical Sciences

A

Inanimate objects
 Physical and chemical
laws
 Universal

51
Q

Physicalists

A

Physicalism is a philosophical position holding that everything which exists is no more extensive than its physical properties; that is, that there are no kinds of things other than physical

with the
exception of humans all
living things are
machines (Descartes, 17th
century)

52
Q

Prokaryotes

A

A microscopic single-celled organism, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria, that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

Kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotes

53
Q

Proximate causes

A

The question HOW in a scientific explanation:

Physical science-like

Phenotype – morphology
and behaviour
 Mechanical (predictable)
 Here and now
 Genes in action
 Experiments

54
Q

Sampling error

A

Experimental component: the more times a sample is taken, the higher the accuracy

Error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken

55
Q

Scala naturae

A

The Great Chain of Being

Never changing

God/gods, servants to god, arc-angels, tier 2 angels

Man, Birds & flying animals, Fish, animals, Plants, Soil animals

Hell

400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman ages

56
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

Cell theory
(Schleiden and Schwann – 1860)
– The basic unit of all organisms
is the cell
– Individual cells have all the
characteristics of life and
– All cell come from the division of
other cells

Noted the same structure (membrane and nucleus) in all types of 
organisms


Zoologist: Schwann Botanist: Schleiden

57
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

16th-18th century

Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.

Copernicus (1473-1543) earth not the center of the universe.
 Kepler (1571-1630) – planetary motion
 Newton (1643-1727) – laws of motion, gravity and thermal conduction
 Galileo (1561-1626) – further proof of earth revolving around the sub
 Boyle (1627-1691) – behaviour of gases
Pascal (1623-1662) – origins of calculus
 Descartes (1596-1650) – geometry
 Van Leeuwenhoek (1673) – first microscope,
 Harvey(1650’s ) – Anatomy and physiology
 Linnaeus (1735) – Systema naturae.

58
Q

Special creation

A

Pattern
– Species don’t change
– Each species created
on Oct 23, 4004 BCE
– Species are not old
 Process
– A designer of some
sort

Inferior and superior classifications

When did they arrive?

59
Q

Synthetic theory of evolution

A

the theory of evolution that fuses Darwin’s concept of natural selection with information from the fields of genetics, mathematics, embryology, paleontology, animal behavior, and other disciplines

Huxley

60
Q

Taxon (taxa)

A

A taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class

Linnean taxonomy

61
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of science concerned with classification, esp. of organisms; systematics

Linneaus

62
Q

Theory

A

A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, esp. one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

Every scentific argument is a theory until proven to be universal.

63
Q

Transitional forms

A

Transitional fossils (popularly termed missing links) are the fossilized remains of intermediary forms of life that illustrate an evolutionary transition.

Archaeopteryx
lithographica (reptile bird fossil)

Puijila darwini (otter)

64
Q

Transmutation

A

Not Lamarck

The action of changing or the state of being changed into another form (species into other species)

No change, gradual change (transformation), dramatic alterations (transmutation)

65
Q

Transmutation of Species

A

Transmutation of species was a term used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 for his theory that described the altering of one species into another. It was one of the names commonly used for evolutionary ideas in the 19th century before Charles Darwin published On The Origin of Species (1859)

GIraffe necks

ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION

Modified essentialism: improvement with each generation

66
Q

Ultimate causes

A

Natural science like

Genotype - Genes and
history
 Variable (probabilistic)
 Evolutionary past
 Changes in genetic
programs
 Historical narratives

The evolutionary factors responsible for the origin, state of being, or purpose of a biological system.

67
Q

Uniformitarian theory

A

In the philosophy of naturalism, uniformitarianism assumes that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.

Charles Lyell

Uniformitation theory of geological change

The idea that geological processes have remained uniform over time and that slight changes over long periods can have large-scale consequences; proposed by James Hutton in 1795 and reÞned by Charles Lyell during the 1800s.

68
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Degenerate, rudimentary, or atrophied, having become functionless in the course of evolution

appendix (not really)

Nictatating membrane (eye duct)

goosebumps

69
Q

Vitalists

A

The theory that the phenomena of organic life cannot be explained by the properties of physical matter alone, and that consequently they must be due to some nonphysical vital principle. Attempts to define such a principle have been vague and various.

physical
and chemical laws apply
but living things have a
vital force (essence)

70
Q

Philosophers:

Hippocrates

Aristototle

Theophrastus

A

400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman ages

H: one of the first philosophers to observe and record human condition and biology

A: Aristotle: student of H. Kept record of all organisms seen as they travelled across europe (inferior/superior classifications)

T:Inventory of plants for medicinal benefits and food, compendium of pharmaceutical plants

71
Q

Byzantium
– Al-Jahiz (781-869)
– Al-Dinawari (826-896)
– Avicenna (980-1037
– Al-Baitar (d. 1248)
– Abu al-Abbas al Nabati
(13th century)

A

450-16th century: Medieval ages

Islam was not affected by the plague

Jahiz: improve animals by breeding programs for agricultural stock

Dinawari: Adds plants and studies the growth of plants and recognized similarities in plants life cycles

Avicenna: Takes all medicinal knowledge of Greek, Roman, Islamic, used to the end of the 1600s

Al-Baitar: Adds plants, dosages and their uses, pharmacology, used to 18h century 1700s

Abu: Developing scientific method- split something in two, change one and observe.

Crusades (europe raids)

72
Q

Taxonomy (other)

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi: cell-to-cell communication strategies. 
Multicellular organisms

Protista, Monera: No differentiation of function between cells
(Except reproductive cells)
Monera: prokaryotes

Plantae: Autotroph (cell walls cellulose)
Fungi, Animalia: Heterotroph (cell walls (chitin)
Fungi: digest externally, absorb. 
Animalia: consumed, break down internally (cell membrane)

Bacteria & Archea (formerly Monera)
Archea: no oxygen, harsh environments (heat, methane, acidic)
Lowest universal common ancestor
Archea-like organisms found in meteorites (the oceans)
Kingdoms v. domains

73
Q

Finalism

A

Gradual change to create a better organism)


A teleology is any philosophical account which holds that final causes exist in nature, meaning that design and purpose analogous to that found in human actions are inherent also in the rest of nature.

74
Q

Wallace

(1823-1913)

A

Both recognize that in a population of organisms, there 
are differences (variation in species)
Some individuals have traits better suited to the environment
Uses concepts of artificial selection (chickens, pigeons)

Came to same theory as Darwin

75
Q

Scientific Investigation

A

Observations
 Questions of how and why
 Hypothesis
 Test (experiment)
 Conclusion

Additional experimental components
 Controls
 Control of variables
 Sampling error
 Repeat the test

Anatomy of a scientific explanation (theory)
 Two parts
– Pattern
– Mechanism or process
 Questions to be asked
– What?
– How (proximate cause)? or Why (ultimate
causes)?

76
Q

Distribution of scientific facts

A

 Journal selection
 Manuscript preparation
 Peer Review
 Revision
 Publication

Sources

Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary

BIO1130 (5 decks)

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