Archean Era Flashcards
Aerobic
Requiring free oxygen to function (or complete cellular respiration) Proterozoic eons (beginning of oxygen era)
Anaerobic
Archean Era
Involving a absence of free oxygen
Antibiotic Resistance
Resistance to substance that kills/inhibits growth of bacteria
(1) Pump antibiotics out of cell
(2) Produce molecules that bind and break down antibiotic
(3) Simple mutation
(4) Bacteria can develop new enzymes or pathways that are not inhibited by antibiotic
Archaea
One of two prokaryote domains, has some eukaryotes
Prime suspect for panspermia and other origins of life
Extremophiles
Mainly extreme environments (hydrothermal vents, hot springs, high temp, salt and acid)
Classifications: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Korarchaeota
ATP sythetase (synthase)
A membrane-spinning protein complex that couples the energetically favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP
Lollipop shaped unit with a basal unit
Embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane
Forms a channel through which H+ can pass through freely- part of the ETC
Autotroph
Organism that produces own food
(1) Photoautotroph: Light
(2) Chemoorganotroph: CO2
(3) Chemolithotroph: Minerals
Bacillus bacteria
A disease causing, rod shaped bacterium
Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
One of two prokaryote domains 1 Proteobacteria 2 Green Bacteria 3 Cyanobacteria 4 Gram positive bacteria 5 Spirochetes 6 Chlamydias Has peptidoglycan in call wall (different from other domains)
Bacterial flagellum
Long, threadlike appendage used for migration in aqueous environments
Molecular motor
Uses proton pump to create gradient, for work potential
Prokaryotes: rigid helical proteins
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria (aka phage) Attaches to host cell Inject DNA and replicated inside host cell (also makes enzyme that breaks down bacterial chromosome) Viral head/tail units are synthesized Assemble into phages Cell rupture- releasing phage DNA is injected into new host (LYTIC CYCLE)
Binary fission
Prokaryotic cell division- splitting or dividing into two parts
Chromosome replication and separation, daughter cells formed
Capsule
An external layer of sticky/slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall in many prokaryotes
Prevent from physical damage, from desiccation, temperatures, bacterial viruses, harmful molecules (antibacterial, antibodies)
May be present in gram positive cells, endospores, bacteria, etc.
Cellular respiration
The process by which energy rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP
Glycolysis (Occurs in cytosol)
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)
(Occurs in mitochondria)
P119
Cellulose
One of the primary constituents of plant cell walls- formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits (polymer of glucose)
Most abundant polysaccharide
Chemolithoheterotroph
Energy source: chemical compounds
Reducing equivalent source: inorganic
Carbon source: organic
Chemolithotrophs
Carbon source inorganic (minerals)
Energy source: chemical compounds
Chemoorganoheterotrophs
Energy source: Chemical compounds
Reducing equivalent source: Organic
Carbon source: organic
Chemoorganotrophs
Carbon from CO2 and other organic chemical compounds
Chitin
A polysaccharide that contains nitrogen and is present in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods
Circular genome
A form of DNA that is found in viruses, bacteria and archaea as well as in eukaryotic cells in the form of either mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA
The bacterial chromosome is circular and is organised into an amorphous structure called a nucleoid that is not enclosed in a membrane
Coccal bacteria
One of three shapes of bacteria:
spherical (other spiral, and rods or cylindrical)
Conjugation
In bacteria, the process by which a copy of part of the DNA of a donor cell moves through the cytoplasmic bridge into the recipient cell where genetic recombination can occur. In ciliate protozoans, a process of sexual reproduction in which individuals of the same species temporarily couple and exchange genetic material. Initiated by plasmids.
Cyanobacteria
Gram negative photoautotroph
blue-green
Carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts probably evolved from early cyanobacteria
Releasing oxygen, help fix nitrogen into organic compounds in aquatic habitats and as symbiotic partners with fungi in lichens
Daughter cell
a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell
Genetically identical
Electron donor
An electron donor is a compound that gives up or donates an electron during cellular respiration, resulting in the release of energy.
Electron receptor
An electron acceptor is a compound that receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration.
Electron transport chain
The electron transport system occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, where a series of cytochromes (cell pigments) and coenzymes exist. These cytochromes and coenzymes act as carrier molecules and transfer molecules. They accept high-energy electrons and pass the electrons to the next molecule in the system. At key proton-pumping sites, the energy of the electrons transports protons across the membrane into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.
Part of cellular respiration
Eukaryota
A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.
Extremophiles
an organism that lives under extreme environmental conditions
Fermentation
A chemical change with effervescence
An enzymatically controlled anaerobic breakdown of an energy-rich compound (as a carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and alcohol or to an organic acid)
An enzymatically controlled transformation of an organic compound
Flagellar hook
The flagellar hook is made of about 120 copies of a protein molecule called “FlgE”
a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament acting as a helical propeller
universal joint is essential for dynamic and efficient bacterial motility and taxis. It transmits the motor torque to the helical propeller over a wide range of its orientation for swimming and tumbling.
Flagellar motor
The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary molecular engine powered by the flow of ions across the inner, or cytoplasmic, membrane of a bacterial cell envelope
Each motor drives a protruding helical filament, and the rotating filaments provide the propulsive force for cells to swim
F-negative bacteria
The bacterial strain that does not contain F factor.
F- bacterium serves as the recipient cell of F factor from a bacterium that has it. A copy of F factor is transferred to the F- bacterium through conjugation. The result following conjugation becomes F+ and thereby acquires the ability to form sex pilus essential in initiating conjugation with other bacteria.
F-positive bacteria
A bacterium with F factor existing as a plasmid and not integrated in the bacterial genome.
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.
Gram-Positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.
Halophiles
A plant adapted to growing in saline conditions
Heterotroph
An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
Horizontal gene transfer
the movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides
physically transfers into another cell
Lithotrophs
Derives nutrients from minerals (inorganic compounds)
Methanogens
a methane-producing bacterium, esp. an archaean that reduces carbon dioxide to methane.
Monera
Kingdoms:
– Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera
M: Prokaryotes
Formerly Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Nitrogen fixation
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Nucleoid
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Oxidized
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Pathogen
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Penicillin
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Peptidoglycan
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Periplasm
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Photoheterotrophs
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Photosynthesis
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Phototrophs
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Pilli
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Plasmid
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Prokaryote
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Proton gradients
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Redox pair
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Reduced
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Ribosome
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Spirochete bacteria
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Stromatolites
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Thermophiles
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Transduction
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Transformation
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