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Biology B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name four features of cells of both plants and animals

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Membrane
Mitochondria

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2
Q

Name three features specific to plant cells

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall

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3
Q

Give two specific features of bacteria cells

A

They have no defined nucleus - DNA spreads out

They have no mitochondria (they use cytoplasm instead)

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4
Q

Does a yeast cell have a vacuole?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

equation for actual size of subject

A

Magnification = size of image / actual size

(actual size = size of image / magnification

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6
Q

Give four different specialised cells (7 if you can)

A 
Plant guard cells
Sperm
Red blood cell
Egg cell
Root cell
White blood cell
Nerve (neuron)
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7
Q

Give two adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Flagella - whip for movement

Acrosome - releases enzymes to break down egg surface

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8
Q

Give two adaptations of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus - more room for others e.g gases

Concave disk shape - high surface area and more reactions

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9
Q

Give two adaptations of a nerve cell

A

Myelin sheath - protects body (axon length)

Long axon length - long to allow messages to move from A to B

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10
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles fro high concentration to lower concentration down the concentration gradient

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11
Q

Why is diffusion important for survival?

A

It allows a non-energy dependent way of balancing chemicals

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12
Q

What kind of energy is used to transfer particles to areas of higher concentration, or up the gradient rather than down?

A

“ATP” energy

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13
Q

Why are cells so small, specifically regarding diffusion?

A

It means the diffusion pathway is small and diffusion is fast, allowing faster penetration to the centre of the cell for more efficient chemical reactions

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14
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of specialised cells - for example, stomach tissue - that can work to perform a function

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15
Q

Define an organ

A

A part of the body that performs a function, made up of tissues

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16
Q

Define an organ system

A

A group of organs working to perform a common function - for example, the digestive system

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of tissue found in the stomach?

A

Muscular tissue
Glandular tissue
Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

A

A layer of tissue on the outer surface of the stomach to keep its rigid shape and structure, keeping the cavity form

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19
Q

What is the purpose of muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

Contracts and expands to shift stomach walls and churn up contents to mix with acid and break it down

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20
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Secretes acid and enzymes to break down food and protein. Acid kills harmful bacteria. Also produces mucus to protect stomach

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21
Q

Give five organs or process points in the digestive system

A 
Mouth (saliva)
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
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22
Q

Give the purpose of the liver

A

Stores sugar and produces bile to neutralise acid (allows enzymes to work)

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23
Q

Give the purpose of the pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes and insulin

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24
Q

Give the purpose of the small intestine

A

Absorbs food and nutrients into the blood stream

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25
Q

Give the purpose of the large intestine

A

Absorbs water and fibre into the blood stream

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26
Q

Give the purpose of the rectum

A

Stores faeces ready to excrete

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27
Q

Give two adaptations of the small intestine

A

Muscular tissue throughout allows peristalsis to push food along
Millions of villi mean high surface area and higher absorption rate

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28
Q

Give the chain of breaking down starch

A

Starch –> (amylase) –> sugars

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29
Q

Give the chain of breaking down proteins

A

Proteins –> (protease) –> amino acids

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30
Q

Give the chain of breaking down fats

A

Fats –> (lipase) –> fatty acids + glycerol

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31
Q

What is the purpose of guard cells?

A

Allow gas exchange, (CO2 in, O2 out), through stomata

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32
Q

What is the purpose of spongy mesophyll?

A

Short diffusion pathway to allow chemical transfer and reactions such as respiration

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the palisade layer?

A

Lots of chloroplasts close to surface to allow photosynthesis

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34
Q

Define xylem

A

One-directional transport of water and minerals from roots through dead, hollow cells to stem and leaves (transpiration)

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35
Q

Define phloem

A

Uses energy for two-directional transport of sugars through living cells (translocation)

36
Q

How do plants get their mass?

A

Primarily from CO2 obtained from photosynthesis, but also from water and nutrients absorbed from soil

37
Q

How do plants store their energy?

A

In starch stored in the vacuole

38
Q

Give four factors that effect plant success rate

A

Humidity
CO2 levels
Light
Warmth

39
Q

What are proteins?

A

Chains of amino acids clamped together in polypeptide chains by protein synthesis occurring in the ribosomes

40
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Made of proteins, they aid in reactions by either breaking down or joining molecules. This is carried out at a specifically shaped active site

41
Q

What are the two types of enzyme?

A

Anabolic enzymes combine

Catabolic enzymes break things down

42
Q

Give four industrial uses of enzymes

A 
Alcohol production
Bread production
Cheese production
Biological washing powder
Chocolate
Baby food
43
Q

How does collision theory have an effect on enzyme action rate?

A

Warmth means more kinetic energy and more successful collisions meaning a faster reaction until it gets to denaturation temperature where the enzymes no longer function

44
Q

Give three digestive examples of catabolic enzymes

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

45
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid?

A

Sterilises food, kills bacteria or makes conditions in which they do not work and breaks down hydrogen bonds in proteins

46
Q

What is the role of bile salts?

A

Yellow substance produced in liver and released into small intestine by gall bladder - emulsifies fats for higher surface area and enzymes work better, speeding up digestion

47
Q

Give five conditions for fermentation in bacteria and enzymes

A 
Temperature
Light
Oxygen levels
Moisture
Growth medium / nutrients
Ph / acidity
48
Q

What are fermenters?

A

They provide optimum conditions for the enzymes in yeast to ferment sugar into alcohol

49
Q

What is the purpose of biological washing powder?

A

It contains enzymes to aid in breaking down stains such as food to wash off more easily.

50
Q

What temperature is biological washing powder used at?

A

Usually 30-40 degree washes to provide optimum conditions and not denature enzymes

51
Q

Why is amylase used in ice cream?

A

It is used alongside carbohydrates to break them down into sugars and make it sweeter - this is cheaper than importing sugar

52
Q

What enzyme is used in fitness foods and why?

A

Isomerase is used to change glucose into sweeter tasting fructose by rearranging particles to mean less sugar is needed. Enzyme fructose is cheaper than real fructose

53
Q

What are the properties of industrial enzymes?

A

They have a long shelf life and are durable, also working in presence of chemicals

54
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place in cells?

A

Mitochondria

55
Q

Why does breathing and heart rate increase in exercise?

A

To supply more oxygen to the body to be pumped around alongside glucose to maximise aerobic respiration and produce more energy

56
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Where you have used more energy than can be produced ordinarily by oxygen. This is ‘repaid’ by heavy breathing after exercise

57
Q

What is the main substance in stomach acid?

A

Hydrochloric acid

58
Q

Where are enzymes such as lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

59
Q

Why are fats broken down into component parts?

A

Being in smaller components means the body can make use of them more easily

60
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

61
Q

What cells does mitosis occur in?

A

Normal, ‘somatic’ cells. Any cells in the body that aren’t sex cells. They contain a full DNA profile and are diploid

62
Q

What cells does meiosis occur in?

A

Sex cells or gametes. These have half a DNA profile and are haploid

63
Q

Describe mitosis.

A

Used by animals and bacteria to reproduce identical cells. DNA replication takes place and the cell divides into two, making two copies

64
Q

Describe meiosis.

A

Process begins with fully diploid somatic cells. Chromosomes divide and multiply into two. Crossing over occurs in the single cell between these copies, producing four varied half sets of chromosomes. Division occurs to divide this into four haploid cells displaying genetic variation.

65
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

A monk who worked on pea plant breeding to display genetic theories

66
Q

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A

A gene is a formation of DNA that codes for a specific feature. An allele is a variation in a code, such as a blond hair allele.

67
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The type of allele homo / heterozygous, dominant / recessive

68
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

A DNA set contains only the same kind of allele, either dominant or recessive

69
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

The DNA set contains both dominant and recessive alleles for a certain trait

70
Q

What are the chromosome patterns for a girl or boy?

A

XX –> Girl

XY –> Boy

71
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

23 pairs

72
Q

How many chromosomes dow gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes that combine with another gamete to make a full diploid code

73
Q

What do we call a full code, or 23 pairs of chromosomes?

A

A genome

74
Q

Give three features of DNA

A

Double helix structure
Sugar phosphate backbone
Contains organic base pairs

75
Q

What are the pair matches for DNA?

A

A-T / T-A

G-C / C-G

76
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

77
Q

How is RNA produced?

A

DNA is split into two and a copy of RNA is made. Ts in the RNA chain are replaced with Us

78
Q

What happens to RNA in protein synthesis?

A

RNA chains pass through ribosomes where they are divided into triplets of base pairs and amino acid matches are found and clamped together. These are called codons which form in specific sequences to make polypeptide chains

79
Q

Give two inherited genetic disorders

A

Polydactyly

Cystic Fibrosis

80
Q

Where does cystic fibrosis occur?

A

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive allele, meaning both parents have to be carriers for it to effect the child. There is a 25% chance of both recessive alleles combining and producing it

81
Q

What is DNA profiling?

A

Collection of someone’s DNA profile for storage on a database where it can be scanned at any time

82
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of DNA profiling

A 
Invasion of privacy
Constant surveillance
No clean start
Can catch criminals
Crime prevention
Accurate convictions
83
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Early scanning of an embryo to determine its health and highlight any disorders it may have

84
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of embryo screening

A

People can detect genetic disorders and other illnesses such as cancer before birth
Termination of pregnancies - ethics?
Damage to embryo
Allows IVF couples to select a healthy baby - ethics?

85
Q

What is stem cell research?

A

Use of stem cells obtained from embryos for medical research

86
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of stem cell research

A

Results in spare embryos that can be discarded - ethics?
Research into spinal cord injuries, diabetes and Parkinson’s
Embryo cells are best as can differentiate into any others
Tampering with embryos can cause damage
Right to life?
Umbilical cord cells can be used less conveniently without controversy

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