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Biology B2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name four features of cells of both plants and animals

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Membrane
Mitochondria

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2
Q

Name three features specific to plant cells

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall

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3
Q

Give two specific features of bacteria cells

A

They have no defined nucleus - DNA spreads out

They have no mitochondria (they use cytoplasm instead)

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4
Q

Does a yeast cell have a vacuole?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

equation for actual size of subject

A

Magnification = size of image / actual size

(actual size = size of image / magnification

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6
Q

Give four different specialised cells (7 if you can)

A 
Plant guard cells
Sperm
Red blood cell
Egg cell
Root cell
White blood cell
Nerve (neuron)
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7
Q

Give two adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Flagella - whip for movement

Acrosome - releases enzymes to break down egg surface

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8
Q

Give two adaptations of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus - more room for others e.g gases

Concave disk shape - high surface area and more reactions

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9
Q

Give two adaptations of a nerve cell

A

Myelin sheath - protects body (axon length)

Long axon length - long to allow messages to move from A to B

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10
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles fro high concentration to lower concentration down the concentration gradient

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11
Q

Why is diffusion important for survival?

A

It allows a non-energy dependent way of balancing chemicals

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12
Q

What kind of energy is used to transfer particles to areas of higher concentration, or up the gradient rather than down?

A

“ATP” energy

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13
Q

Why are cells so small, specifically regarding diffusion?

A

It means the diffusion pathway is small and diffusion is fast, allowing faster penetration to the centre of the cell for more efficient chemical reactions

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14
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of specialised cells - for example, stomach tissue - that can work to perform a function

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15
Q

Define an organ

A

A part of the body that performs a function, made up of tissues

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16
Q

Define an organ system

A

A group of organs working to perform a common function - for example, the digestive system

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of tissue found in the stomach?

A

Muscular tissue
Glandular tissue
Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?

A

A layer of tissue on the outer surface of the stomach to keep its rigid shape and structure, keeping the cavity form

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19
Q

What is the purpose of muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

Contracts and expands to shift stomach walls and churn up contents to mix with acid and break it down

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20
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Secretes acid and enzymes to break down food and protein. Acid kills harmful bacteria. Also produces mucus to protect stomach

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21
Q

Give five organs or process points in the digestive system

A 
Mouth (saliva)
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
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22
Q

Give the purpose of the liver

A

Stores sugar and produces bile to neutralise acid (allows enzymes to work)

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23
Q

Give the purpose of the pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes and insulin

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24
Q

Give the purpose of the small intestine

A

Absorbs food and nutrients into the blood stream

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25
Give the purpose of the large intestine
Absorbs water and fibre into the blood stream
26
Give the purpose of the rectum
Stores faeces ready to excrete
27
Give two adaptations of the small intestine
Muscular tissue throughout allows peristalsis to push food along Millions of villi mean high surface area and higher absorption rate
28
Give the chain of breaking down starch
Starch --> (amylase) --> sugars
29
Give the chain of breaking down proteins
Proteins --> (protease) --> amino acids
30
Give the chain of breaking down fats
Fats --> (lipase) --> fatty acids + glycerol
31
What is the purpose of guard cells?
Allow gas exchange, (CO2 in, O2 out), through stomata
32
What is the purpose of spongy mesophyll?
Short diffusion pathway to allow chemical transfer and reactions such as respiration
33
What is the purpose of the palisade layer?
Lots of chloroplasts close to surface to allow photosynthesis
34
Define xylem
One-directional transport of water and minerals from roots through dead, hollow cells to stem and leaves (transpiration)
35
Define phloem
Uses energy for two-directional transport of sugars through living cells (translocation)
36
How do plants get their mass?
Primarily from CO2 obtained from photosynthesis, but also from water and nutrients absorbed from soil
37
How do plants store their energy?
In starch stored in the vacuole
38
Give four factors that effect plant success rate
Humidity CO2 levels Light Warmth
39
What are proteins?
Chains of amino acids clamped together in polypeptide chains by protein synthesis occurring in the ribosomes
40
What are enzymes?
Made of proteins, they aid in reactions by either breaking down or joining molecules. This is carried out at a specifically shaped active site
41
What are the two types of enzyme?
Anabolic enzymes combine | Catabolic enzymes break things down
42
Give four industrial uses of enzymes
``` Alcohol production Bread production Cheese production Biological washing powder Chocolate Baby food ```
43
How does collision theory have an effect on enzyme action rate?
Warmth means more kinetic energy and more successful collisions meaning a faster reaction until it gets to denaturation temperature where the enzymes no longer function
44
Give three digestive examples of catabolic enzymes
Amylase Protease Lipase
45
What is the role of hydrochloric acid?
Sterilises food, kills bacteria or makes conditions in which they do not work and breaks down hydrogen bonds in proteins
46
What is the role of bile salts?
Yellow substance produced in liver and released into small intestine by gall bladder - emulsifies fats for higher surface area and enzymes work better, speeding up digestion
47
Give five conditions for fermentation in bacteria and enzymes
``` Temperature Light Oxygen levels Moisture Growth medium / nutrients Ph / acidity ```
48
What are fermenters?
They provide optimum conditions for the enzymes in yeast to ferment sugar into alcohol
49
What is the purpose of biological washing powder?
It contains enzymes to aid in breaking down stains such as food to wash off more easily.
50
What temperature is biological washing powder used at?
Usually 30-40 degree washes to provide optimum conditions and not denature enzymes
51
Why is amylase used in ice cream?
It is used alongside carbohydrates to break them down into sugars and make it sweeter - this is cheaper than importing sugar
52
What enzyme is used in fitness foods and why?
Isomerase is used to change glucose into sweeter tasting fructose by rearranging particles to mean less sugar is needed. Enzyme fructose is cheaper than real fructose
53
What are the properties of industrial enzymes?
They have a long shelf life and are durable, also working in presence of chemicals
54
Where does aerobic respiration take place in cells?
Mitochondria
55
Why does breathing and heart rate increase in exercise?
To supply more oxygen to the body to be pumped around alongside glucose to maximise aerobic respiration and produce more energy
56
What is oxygen debt?
Where you have used more energy than can be produced ordinarily by oxygen. This is 'repaid' by heavy breathing after exercise
57
What is the main substance in stomach acid?
Hydrochloric acid
58
Where are enzymes such as lipase produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
59
Why are fats broken down into component parts?
Being in smaller components means the body can make use of them more easily
60
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis
61
What cells does mitosis occur in?
Normal, 'somatic' cells. Any cells in the body that aren't sex cells. They contain a full DNA profile and are diploid
62
What cells does meiosis occur in?
Sex cells or gametes. These have half a DNA profile and are haploid
63
Describe mitosis.
Used by animals and bacteria to reproduce identical cells. DNA replication takes place and the cell divides into two, making two copies
64
Describe meiosis.
Process begins with fully diploid somatic cells. Chromosomes divide and multiply into two. Crossing over occurs in the single cell between these copies, producing four varied half sets of chromosomes. Division occurs to divide this into four haploid cells displaying genetic variation.
65
Who was Mendel?
A monk who worked on pea plant breeding to display genetic theories
66
What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
A gene is a formation of DNA that codes for a specific feature. An allele is a variation in a code, such as a blond hair allele.
67
What is a genotype?
The type of allele homo / heterozygous, dominant / recessive
68
What does homozygous mean?
A DNA set contains only the same kind of allele, either dominant or recessive
69
What does heterozygous mean?
The DNA set contains both dominant and recessive alleles for a certain trait
70
What are the chromosome patterns for a girl or boy?
XX --> Girl | XY --> Boy
71
How many chromosomes do somatic cells have?
23 pairs
72
How many chromosomes dow gametes have?
23 chromosomes that combine with another gamete to make a full diploid code
73
What do we call a full code, or 23 pairs of chromosomes?
A genome
74
Give three features of DNA
Double helix structure Sugar phosphate backbone Contains organic base pairs
75
What are the pair matches for DNA?
A-T / T-A | G-C / C-G
76
What is the process of protein synthesis?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
77
How is RNA produced?
DNA is split into two and a copy of RNA is made. Ts in the RNA chain are replaced with Us
78
What happens to RNA in protein synthesis?
RNA chains pass through ribosomes where they are divided into triplets of base pairs and amino acid matches are found and clamped together. These are called codons which form in specific sequences to make polypeptide chains
79
Give two inherited genetic disorders
Polydactyly | Cystic Fibrosis
80
Where does cystic fibrosis occur?
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive allele, meaning both parents have to be carriers for it to effect the child. There is a 25% chance of both recessive alleles combining and producing it
81
What is DNA profiling?
Collection of someone's DNA profile for storage on a database where it can be scanned at any time
82
Give advantages and disadvantages of DNA profiling
``` Invasion of privacy Constant surveillance No clean start Can catch criminals Crime prevention Accurate convictions ```
83
What is embryo screening?
Early scanning of an embryo to determine its health and highlight any disorders it may have
84
Give advantages and disadvantages of embryo screening
People can detect genetic disorders and other illnesses such as cancer before birth Termination of pregnancies - ethics? Damage to embryo Allows IVF couples to select a healthy baby - ethics?
85
What is stem cell research?
Use of stem cells obtained from embryos for medical research
86
Give advantages and disadvantages of stem cell research
Results in spare embryos that can be discarded - ethics? Research into spinal cord injuries, diabetes and Parkinson's Embryo cells are best as can differentiate into any others Tampering with embryos can cause damage Right to life? Umbilical cord cells can be used less conveniently without controversy

My Biology (3 decks)

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