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Biology B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which the chemical reactions in your body take place

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2
Q

What functions do protein, fat, carbohydrate and vitamins / minerals have?

A

Protein - Growth and repair
Fat - Energy and insulation
Carbohydrates - slow release energy
Vitamins and Minerals - Cell growth

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3
Q

What are statins?

A

They reduce cholesterol by stopping the enzyme that produces cholesterol from working

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4
Q

What did Jenner and Flemming discover?

A

Fleming - antibiotics

Jenner - vaccination

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5
Q

What techniques are there to keep things sterile in a lab?

A

Dipping inoculation loop in alcohol and then a flame to sterilise
Don’t blow on things to cool them down - there is bacteria in your breath
Don’t leave a petri dish open because bacteria can settle in it

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6
Q

What can doctors do to prevent pathogens becoming antibiotic resistant?

A

Only prescribe antibiotics when really needed

Match antibiotic to pathogen and make sure they are using the right one

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7
Q

How is HIV harmful?

A

It prevents white blood cells from working properly. This means our body can’t produce enough antibodies to fight off pathogens and simple diseases can become very harmful

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8
Q

What is the difference between phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Phagocyte - Recognises foreign cell (pathogen) and engulfs it and breaks it down.
Lymphocyte - Produces antibodies to fit the pathogen’s antigens and break it down.

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9
Q

What are the key points of vaccination?

A
  • Dead or weakened pathogen introduced to body
  • White blood cells produce antibodies
  • White blood cells remember the antigens
  • When you’re infected, your white blood cells undergo a rapid response because they instantly recognise the pathogen.
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10
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central nervous system - your brain and spine

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11
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral nervous system - senses and sends signals to CNS via sensory neurones

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12
Q

What are the three neurone types?

A

Motor, sensory, relay

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13
Q

What are the basic process of a reaction of the muscles?

A
  • Stimulus is detected by receptors
  • Sensory neurones pass the message onto relay neurones (neurotransmitter chemicals)
  • Relay neurones pass the message on via synapse gaps to CNS
  • Motor neurones pass the message from CNS to muscles to move
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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Your body keeping its internal conditions constant

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15
Q

What are the female sex hormones and where do they come from?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Pituitary gland
Oestrogen - Ovaries
LH - Pituitary gland

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16
Q

What do the four female sex hormones do?

A

FSH - Causes ovaries to produce eggs + triggers oestrogen
Oestrogen - Inhibits FSH and starts LH production
LH - Stimulates egg release
Progesterone - Maintains uterus lining

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17
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A muscle reflex occurs when your nervous system misses out the brain and your muscle moves without your control.

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18
Q

What is auxin and its job?

A

Growth hormone that is produced at the tip of a shoot. It moves to shaded side of shoot and lengthens the cells, making the plant bend towards the light.

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19
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A control fake drug to see if it is the drug or the mind having an effect on the person

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20
Q

What are the stages of drug testing?

A
  • Computer modelling
  • Testing on cell and tissue cultures
  • Animal testing
  • Human testing
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21
Q

What three main things do plants compete for?

A

Sunlight, water and space

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22
Q

What is a bio-indicator?

A

A living organism that indicates pollution.

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of bio-indicators

A

Lichens - good indicators of pollution (S02)

Mayfly nymphs - Sensitive to water pollution

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24
Q

How is energy lost at each stage of the food chain?

A

Through urine, faeces and respiration

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25
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Where organic material (usually dead) is broken down

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26
Q

What are detritivores?

A

Mini beasts that eat things to decompose them

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27
Q

Give one continuous and one discontinuous example of variation in people?

A

Continuous - Height

Discontinuous - Eye colour

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28
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does an ordinary person have?

A

23

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29
Q

What are alleles?

A

Things within genes that determine characteristics. They can be either dominant or recessive.

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30
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction between two parents, a mother and a father. Includes the passing on of semen and pregnancy

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31
Q

What are gametes

A

Sex cells (egg and sperm)

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32
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

No sexual intercourse is involved. There is only one parent. Offspring are exact copies (or clones) of parents

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33
Q

Give a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

It can make offspring more likely to become diseased - either hereditary disease or because they are vulnerable to a certain disease.

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34
Q

In tissue culture cloning, what is the tissue sample placed in to grow?

A

Agar jelly growth medium - containing nutrients and auxins

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35
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Taking genes from one animal or plant and putting it into another to give it a desired characteristic

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36
Q

How are genes extracted?

A

Using enzymes

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37
Q

Give three uses of genetic modification

A
  • Manufacturing insulin
  • Making a higher yield crop
  • Making crops resistant to a certain disease
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38
Q

What is classification?

A

Grouping living organisms based on their physical and genetic properties

39
Q

What are the 5 (or 3) kingdoms?

A
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • (Protists, Fungi, Bacteria): Microbes
40
Q

How do the the 3 main kingdoms get nutrients?

A
  • Animals: ingesting
  • Plants: photosynthesis
  • Microbes: absorbing
41
Q

What are the 4 stages of evolution?

A

Stage 1 - Variation
Stage 2 - Survival of the fittest
Stage 3 - Natural selection
Stage 4 - Reproduction

42
Q

What is the purpose of protein?

A

Growth and repair

43
Q

What is the purpose of fat?

A

Energy storage and thermal insulation

44
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

To slowly release energy

45
Q

What is the purpose of vitamins and minerals?

A

Maintain health in cells - skin, blood, bones

46
Q

Define a drug

A

A chemical that alters the processes in your body and how they work

47
Q

What is an addiction?

A

When the chemical processes in a body become so heavily altered by a drug that they are dependent on it to continue functioning in the state that they are.

48
Q

What was the original purpose of thalidomide?

A

To treat insomnia

49
Q

What was thalidomide discovered as being helpful for treating after its release?

A

Morning sickness

50
Q

What are statins?

A

They are drugs that reduce the amount of cholesterol produced by the body. They inhibit the enzyme production in the liver that is responsible for cholesterol.

51
Q

What are the impacts of increased prescription of statins?

A
  • Could prevent more early deaths
  • Lower percentage of heart disease
  • Expensive
  • People who don’t need them could get side effects
  • Habits could worsen as people think they are safe
52
Q

What work did Semmelweis complete?

A

He observed that in transitions between autopsy wards and maternity wards where no hand wash was used, there was a higher rate of childbed fever. His theory was called “cadaverous particles”.

53
Q

What are antibiotics made from?

A

They are made from fungus, which contain chemicals that kill bacteria.

54
Q

Give some features of sterile technique

A
  • Dip inoculation loop in alcohol and burn to remove bacteria
  • Do not blow to cool as you have bacteria in breath
  • Use forceps instead of fingers
55
Q

What measures can people take to reduce the development of superbugs?

A
  • Only prescribe antibiotics when really needed
  • Correctly match antibiotic to pathogen
  • Ensure antibiotic course is finished
56
Q

What three ways do white blood cells protect us?

A
  • Antibodies: break pathogen down
  • Phagocytes: consume pathogen
  • Antitoxins: neutralise pathogen’s toxins
57
Q

What physical barriers does the body ave to pathogens?

A
  • Ear wax and hair stops bacteria from entering body
  • Mucus and hair nose traps bacteria
  • Skin produces sebum, acting as antiseptic
58
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Receives a stimuli and sends a chemical signal

59
Q

What is an effector?

A

Responds to a motor neurone

60
Q

What are the two types of effector?

A

Muscular - create relaxing/contracting movements to move a part of the body
Glandular - releases hormones to alter processes in the body

61
Q

How does a neurotransmitter move to the next neurone?

A

The electrical signal reaches the end of the axon length and triggers a neurotransmitter chemical that diffuses across the synapse gap. This binds with the receptors at the end of the next neurone. This then transmits another electrical signal.

62
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

63
Q

What kind of pathogen is measles?

A

A virus.

64
Q

What aspects of the body can homeostasis maintain?

A
  • Temperature
  • Blood sugar levels
  • Hydration/water levels
  • Salt levels
  • Urea levels
65
Q

At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14/28

66
Q

What are the benefits of IVF?

A
  • Allows infertile couples to have their own children
  • Embryo can be tested for disorders
  • People can decide exactly when to have babies
67
Q

What are the problems with IVF treatment?

A
  • Many religious people oppose it
  • Some think it is wrong to select and choose embryos, stopping some from developing
  • Some think adoption is a more ethical option
68
Q

In a reflex arc, where does the CNS send the impulse?

A

It is sent directly to the motor neurones, missing out the brain.

69
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A physical trait that gives an organism a survival advantage in its environment

70
Q

Give typical adaptations of animals in hot, dry climates

A
  • Increased surface area (heat loss)
  • Nocturnal
  • Reduced water loss (adapted kidneys)
  • Tolerant to high body temperatures
71
Q

Give typical adaptations of animals in cold climates

A
  • Short extremities
  • Fur
  • Fat layers
  • Small surface area (maintain heat)
72
Q

Give an example of a mimic adaptation

A

The robber fly produces noises similar to a bee to make other animals think it has a sting and avoid it

73
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An organism that has specific adaptations/traits to make it able to survive in extreme environments

74
Q

What is the order of a food chain?

A

Producer (plant = photosynthesis) –> Primary consumer –> Secondary consumer –> Apex predator

75
Q

What kinds of food chain have the most energy assimilated and maintained as biomass?

A

Food chains with the least trophic levels

76
Q

What is the two adaptations of a camel?

A
  • Hump stores fat, which releases water as a product when metabolised, meaning the camel can last longer periods without hydration
  • Large surface area - volume ratio to aid in heat loss
77
Q

What factors effect the rate of decomposition?

A
  • Moisture (humidity)
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen levels
78
Q

Name four processes that release CO2

A
  • Acid rain
  • Burning
  • Respiration
  • Decay
79
Q

Name four processes that absorb CO2

A
  • Formation of fossil fuels
  • Photosynthesis
  • Sea shell formation
  • Dissolving in oceans
80
Q

Where is the DNA in a cell stored?

A

The nucleus

81
Q

Where are genes, containing DNA, stored?

A

In pairs of chromosomes

82
Q

What are cuttings?

A

Where the budding section of a plant is cut off. The stem is coated in IAA hormone so that it can grow.

83
Q

How is a species defined?

A

If two animals of that species can breed and produce fertile offspring.

84
Q

What are the four methods of cloning?

A
  • Tissue culture cloning
  • Adult cell cloning
  • Embryo transplant cloning
  • Cuttings
85
Q

What is the process of tissue culture cloning?

A
  • Tissue samples scraped from plant
  • Samples placed in agar growth medium (IAA)
  • Samples develop into all plantlets
  • Plantlets planted in compost
86
Q

What is the process of adult cell cloning?

A
  • Body cell taken from one animal (e.g skin cell)
  • Egg from second animal has nucleus removed
  • Body cell fused with empty egg
  • Fused cell develops into embryo (stored in surrogate)
  • Offspring is a clone of first animal
87
Q

What is the process of embryo transplant cloning?

A
  • Sperm taken from bull with desirable traits
  • Cow artificially fertilised with sperm
  • Zygotes develop into embryos and are removed
  • Embryos are split into many more which all develop
  • Embryos are carried by foster mothers and are clones of one another
88
Q

How are genes extracted for genetic engineering?

A

Enzymes are used

89
Q

What are three uses of genetic engineering?

A
  • Insulin production
  • Making a high yield crop
  • Making disease-resistant crops
90
Q

Give an example of a genetically engineered plant?

A

Golden rice: engineered to produce more vitamin A than normal. (Gene from carrots). Helps Asian populations with a deficiency.

91
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering in animals.

A
  • Identify gene of interest in body cell
  • Isolate and remove genes using enzymes
  • Insert gene of interest into fertilised egg cell
  • Allow egg to develop into embryo
  • Divide embryo to create multiple embryos
  • Insert into surrogate mother
92
Q

Describe the process of insulin production through genetic engineering.

A
  • Identify human insulin gene
  • Isolate and extract gene using enzymes
  • Insert insulin gene into yeast/bacteria
  • Allow bacteria to multiple using fermenter
  • Extract insulin using a centrifuge
93
Q

Give some counter-arguments for GM crops

A
  • If genes escaped, it could result in fast growing insects or weeds
  • Third world countries couldn’t afford crops
  • Could results in allergic reactions
94
Q

Give some arguments for GM crops

A
  • They can help feed starving populations
  • They are profitable
  • They can help research into diseases
  • They can resist insects or disease to reduce famine

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