Biology B2 Flashcards
What 3 structures do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell Wall, Vacuole and Chloroplasts
What does selectively permeable mean?
When a cell can allow substances to enter it sometimes.
How do you calculate magnification?
Magnification = Size of image / Actual size of object
What does a bacterial cell have instead of a nucleus?
A long loop of DNA
What is the purpose of a slime capsule around a bacterial cell?
To prevent dehydration
What is another word for specialised?
Differentiated
In biology, what is the most common reason for an object having a large surface area?
To allow it to absorb more water, minerals or chemicals.
What is the definition of diffusion?
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a concentration gradient.
Why does a red blood cell have no nucleus?
To save space for haemoglobins
What is the type of tissue that can expand and contract?
Muscle Tissue
What is the type of tissue that produces acids and enzymes?
Glandular Tissue
What is the type of tissue that is used for organ structure, lining or protection?
Epithelial Tissue
What is the type of tissue that is just thin paper?
Tissue Paper
What is chyme?
Semi-digested food in the stomach
When protein is broken down by protease, what is formed?
Amino Acids
What is peristalsis?
The motion made by the oesophagus to squeeze food down into the stomach.
What substance does the liver produce?
Bile
Where are digestive enzymes and insulin produced?
In the pancreas.
What type of plant tissue transports water (transpiration)?
Xylem
What does phloem tissue transport?
Sugar (translocation)
What is the function of the palisade layer in a leaf?
Where the photosynthesis takes place (lots of chloroplasts)
In many organisms, what is cellulose used for?
The construction of cell walls
How do you make amino acids?
Add nitrogen to glucose
What are three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide concentration (%), Light intensity (lux) and Temperature (°C).
In what part of a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplasts
What is the function of mitochondria?
They transfer or release energy from glucose by the process of aerobic respiration.
What is a ribosome?
It is effectively a molecular clamp to hold two amino acids together.
What is the name of the protein that is used to break apart or stick together substrate molecules?
Enzymes
Name some uses of enzymes…
Keeping soft centres in chocolates, fermentation, organic stain removal, pre digestion of baby food.
What is the name for when an enzyme changes shape and doesn’t fit the desired substrate?
Denaturation
What is hydrochloric acid used for in the stomach?
Sterilising food and beginning to digest proteins.
What conditions need to be controlled in a fermenter?
Temperature, light level, oxygen level and moisture.
Why is fructose used in some food instead of glucose?
Fructose is sweeter than glucose so not as much is needed to achieve the same sweetness.
What is oxygen debt?
When you are using more oxygen you can produce so you begin to respire anaerobically.
What is the name for cell division in normal somatic (diploid) cells?
Mitosis
What is meiosis?
The division and formation of sex cells (haploid cells).
What did Grigor Mendel discover?
That inherited characteristics are not just mixtures of the two parents characteristics.
What chromosomal pair causes sex determination?
The 23rd pair
What are the four organic base pair substances in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine.
What is the function of a ribosome?
To clamp together amino acids to form a protein.
What causes cystic fibrosis?
A faulty recessive allele.
How can polydactyly be treated?
By removing any extra digits soon after birth.
Why do some people not like DNA profiling?
They feel that it infringes on their privacy.
What is the best way to preserve an organism?
Remove all the oxygen from inside it to stop bacteria from causing decomposition.
What different types of fossil are there?
Organisms trapped in amber, imprints and bones turned into stone.
