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Science > Biology- B2 > Flashcards

Biology- B2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first and last discrete group?

A
  • the first is Kingdom

- the last is species

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2
Q

What do dicrete groups cause problems with?

A
  • intermediate organisms
  • hybrids
  • asexual organisms
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3
Q

What can organisms do?

A
  • eat each other (predators)
  • gain from each other (mutualism)
  • feed off each other (parasites)
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4
Q

How are organisms classified?

A
  • they are classified using natural systems
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5
Q

What groups are organisms classified into?

A
  • discrete groups
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6
Q

What do natural systems give information about?

A
  • evolutionary relationships
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7
Q

What will similar organisms compete with each other for?

A
  • food
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8
Q

Which organisms will compete more?

A
  • organisms that are in the same niche or are in the same species
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9
Q

At each stage of the food chain, what is lost?

A
  • energy
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10
Q

What are food chains limited to?

A
  • a small number of trophic levels
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11
Q

What does the recycling of carbon involve?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • feeding
  • respiration
  • decomposition
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12
Q

What are organisms in cold conditions adapted to?

A
  • staying warm

- move on the snow

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13
Q

What are examples of natural selection occurring today?

A
  • warfarin resistance to rats
  • antibiotic resistance to bacteria
  • frequency of colour in peppered moths
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14
Q

How can pollution be measured?

A
  • by using direct methods or by using indicator species
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15
Q

Why is conservation important?

A
  • to protect our food supply
  • to prevent damage to food chains
  • to protect organisms from medical uses
  • to protect habitats for people to visit
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16
Q

What does the recycling of nitrogen involve?

A
  • the action of four types of bacteria
17
Q

What does heat loss from organisms depend on?

A
  • their surface area or volume
18
Q

Who came up with the theory about adaptation and natural selection?

A
  • Charles Darwin
19
Q

What will help to conserve habitats and organisms?

A
  • removing waste
  • producing food
  • supplying energy in a sustainable way
20
Q

What can pyramids of biomass show?

A
  • it can show feeding relationships
21
Q

What shape does a pyramid of biomass form?

A
  • a pyramid
22
Q

What do organisms in hot, dry areas have adaptations to?

A
  • increase heat loss
  • move on sand
  • cope with lack of water
23
Q

What does Darwins theory of natural selection involve?

A
  • variation
  • competition
  • survival of the fittest
  • selective reproduction
24
Q

An increase of human population has led to what?

A
  • an increase in pollutants such as:

carbon dioxide causing global warming, sulphur dioxide causing acid rain and CFCs breaking down the ozone layer

25
Q

What are the order of the organism groups?

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
26
Q

How does the binomial system work?

A
  • there are two parts to the name, the first is genus and the second is species
  • the genus part starts with a capital letter; the species part darts with a lower-case letter
27
Q

What are some specific problems presented by organisms?

A
  • bacteria do not interbreed, they reproduce asexually, so they cannot be classified into different species using the ‘fertile offspring’ idea
  • mules are hybrids, produced when members of two species (a donkey and a horse) interbreed. Hybrids are infertile, so mules cannot be classed as species
28
Q

What do pyramids of biomass show?

A
  • the dry mass of loving material at each stage of a food chain
29
Q

Why may pyramids of numbers and pyramids of biomass look different?

A
  • producers are very large

- a small parasite lives on a large animal

30
Q

As energy flows along a food chain some is used in growth, at each trophic level much energy is transferred into other less forms, what would this be?

A
  • heat from respiration
  • egestion
  • excretion
31
Q

Why does carbon need to be recycled?

A
  • so it can become available again to other living organisms
32
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the air?

A
  • by photosynthesis in plants
33
Q

How is carbon dioxide released into the air?

A
  • plants and animals respiring
  • soil bacteria and fungi acting as decomposers
  • the burning of fossil fuels (combustion)
34
Q

Which microorganisms are responsible for the recycling of nitrogen?

A
  • decomposers are soil badgering and fungi and they convert proteins and urea into ammonia
  • nitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas
  • nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in root nodules (or in the soil) fix nitrogen gas - this also occurs by the action of lightening
35
Q

Competition can be interspecific and intraspecific, what do these mean?

A
  • interspecific is between organisms of different species
  • intraspecific is between organisms of the same species and is likely o be more significant as the organisms share more similarities and so need the same resources
36
Q

Why do both predator and prey show cyclical changes?

A
  • when there are lots of prey, more predators survive and so their numbers increase
  • this means that the increase number of predators eat more prey, so prey numbers drop
  • more predators starve and so their numbers drop
37
Q

What is and example of mutualism?

A
  • insects visit flowers and so transfer pollen, allowing pollination to happen. They are ‘rewarded’ by surgery nectar from the flower
  • on some coral reefs ‘cleaner’ fish regularly visited by larger fish. The large fish benefit by having their parasites removed by the cleaner fish and the cleaner fish gain food
38
Q

What are specialists and generalists?

A
  • specialists are animals are very well adapted to living in their specific habitats that they would struggle to live elsewhere (ie. Polar bears)
  • generalists can live in several habitats although they will lose to specialists in certain areas (ie. Rats)

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