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combined science > Biology b1 > Flashcards

Biology b1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are all living things made up off

A

Cells

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2
Q

What do eukaryotic cells include

A

include all animal and plant cells

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3
Q

What do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include and what does it do

A

Contain genetic material that contains instructions that control the activities of the cell

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4
Q

What does the neucleus contain

A

Genetic material which is arranged into chromosones

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5
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

Gell like , most reactions happen here , contains enzymes

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6
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

Contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What things do plant cells have more than animal cells

A

Rigid cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplast

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8
Q

What is a rigid cell wall

A

Made of cellulose , supports the cell and strengthens it

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9
Q

What is a large vacule

A

Contains cell sap

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10
Q

What is chloroplats

A

Where photosynthesis occurs , contains green substance called chlorophyll

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11
Q

What is a genome

A

Entire genetic material of a organism

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12
Q

How do chromosomes usually come

A

In paris (humans have 46)

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13
Q

What is dna made up off

A

Monomers

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14
Q

What do proteins control

A

The development of different characteristics

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15
Q

What are different versions of the same gene called

A

Alleles

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16
Q

How many neuclitieds are in dna

A

4

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17
Q

What are the 4 different bases found in dna

A

Adenine thymine cytosine guanine

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18
Q

Where is dna found

A

In the cell neucleus

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19
Q

What is insertions in dna

A

A new base is inserted into the dna base which changes the way the triplets are read

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20
Q

What are deletions in DNA

A

A peice pf the dna sequence is deleted which changes the way the triplets are read and creates a knock on affect

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21
Q

What is homozygous

A

You have two alleles that are the same for a particular gene

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22
Q

What is heterozygous

A

You have two different alleles for a trait

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23
Q

What gene is controlled by a single gene

A

Blood group

24
Q

How many chromosomes do human bodies have

A

23 pairs

25
Q

What chromosomes make u a man and a women.

A

Men have xy
Women have xx

26
Q

How does the presence of Y chromosome make embryos turn into men

A

Stimulates the growth of testiest

27
Q

What is genome sequencing

A

Finding the order of nucleotides in a organisms genome

28
Q

How do doctors create medicine for certain diseases

A

They compare peoples genes that do not have disease to those who do

29
Q

What could having a 100% chance of having a disease lead to

A

Extreme stress

Discrimination from employees

30
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread between organisms

31
Q

What is a non communicable disease

A

A disease that can not be spread from one organism to another

32
Q

What are some examples of non communicable diseases

A

Cancer and diabetes

33
Q

What is the period of time where you are infected with a disease and when you start showing symptoms

A

Incubation period

34
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause communicable diseases

35
Q

What are the 4 types of pthogens

A

Bacteria viruses protists fungi

36
Q

What are different ways that communal diseases are spread

A

Water, air, on surfaces, body fluids, animal vectors, soil, food

37
Q

What are physical preventions of catching illness

A

Mucus and cilia stop bacteria getting into the body, the skin , platelets rush to a cut and cause bloodclots so no bacteria gets in

38
Q

What are chemical preventions to disease

A

Eyes produce lysozymes, saliva contains molecules that kills disease , stomach produces hydrochloric acid

39
Q

How do plants stop pathogens getting in

A

A waxy waterproof layer on leaves

40
Q

What part of the food chain are plants in

A

Nearly always at the bottom

41
Q

What are some ways of preventing disease

A

Basic hygiene, sterilising wounds, using condoms, vacinations

42
Q

How does biological control work

A

When a another organism is used to control a pest for example ladybirds eat aphids

43
Q

How does vaccinating work

A

Injecting dead or weak pathogens into the body

44
Q

Pros and cons to vaccine

A

Pro: can prevent epidemics
Con: can be expensive
Could not work
Could have bad affects

45
Q

What produces antibodies

A

White blood cells

46
Q

How do you make monoclonal antibodies

A

Injecting a mouse with the antigens you want to target

47
Q

What are tumour markers

A

Antigens on cancer cells cell membrane

48
Q

What do pain killers do

A

Relieve pain but does not fight the diesease

49
Q

How is penicillin made

A

With a type lf mould that can be grown in large amounts

50
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Chemicals that kill bacteria without killing your own body cells

51
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases

A

Diseases to do with your heart and blood vessels

52
Q

How are blood clots formed

A

Fatty deposits harden and cause atheromas which can break off or damage a blood vessel which cause a blood clot

53
Q

What are stents

A

Tubes put inside arteries to keep them open

54
Q

How does preclinical testing work

A

Drugs are tested on cultured human cells then the drug is tested on live animals

55
Q

Whats a cultured human cell

A

A cell grown in a lab

56
Q

What is clinical testing

A

If the disease passes the test on animals then it is tested on humans which could include the use of placebo affect or not because of ethical issues

57
Q
A

combined science (5 decks)

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