Biology and Body Coordination

Question 1

If core temperature drops:

Answer 1

less blood flows through skin capillaries and shivering occurs.

Question 2

What are enzymes?

Answer 2

Enzymes are molecules which speed up chemical reactions by combining with a substrate. This can be shown in a ‘lock and key’ model.

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones are molecules that are released into the bloodstream to join with a target cell and influence body processes such as growth and metabolism.

Question 4

What is an example of a hormone?

Answer 4

Some examples of hormones are adrenaline, growth hormones and the anti diuretic hormone (ADH) which tells kidneys how much water to conserve.

Question 5

Is there a way that you can identify enzymes and substrates?

Answer 5

Enzymes and substrates can be identified by their suffixes. Enzymes usually end with ‘ase’, whilst substrates end with ‘ose’.
For example, lactose and lactase or cellulose and cellulase.

Question 6

What is homeostasis?

Answer 6

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment.

Question 7

What are receptors?

Answer 7

Receptors are specialised cells which detect stimuli.

Question 8

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 8

The cerebrum controls conscious thoughts and body movements.

Question 9

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 9

The cerebellum is the furthest to the back of the brain and is responsible for coordination and balance.

Question 10

What is the role of the brain stem/medulla?

Answer 10

The brain stem functions as the connection of the brain to the spinal cord and regulates breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.

Question 11

What are reflex actions?

Answer 11

Reflex actions are automatic involuntary responses to a stimulus. They are done to protect the body from possible dangers.

Question 12

Describe the process of a reflex action when a finger is close to a candle flame.

Answer 12

Thermoreceptors detect the difference in temperature –> sensory neuron sends message to spinal cord (CNS) –> sends message to motor neuron –> sends message to arm muscles (effector) –> muscles contract (response) and finger lifts away from flame

Question 13

What do motor neurons do?

Answer 13

Motor neurons carry messages from the CNS to effectors/other parts of the body.

Question 14

What is the function of sensory neurons?

Answer 14

Sensory neurons are attached to receptors and send messages to the CNS from the rest of the body.

Question 15

How does villi improve the efficiency of the small intestine?

Answer 15

Villi have a large surface area, allowing the small intestine to absorb nutrients more efficiently.

Question 16

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 16

An anabolic reaction is when energy combines with enzymes or small molecules to create a larger molecule.

Question 17

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 17

A catabolic reaction is the metabolic reaction where a larger molecule is broken down into small molecules ie. cellular respiration where glucose is broken down.

Question 18

What would be difficult to do if you damage your cerebellum?

Answer 18

It would be difficult to walk.

Question 19

What is the relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland.

Question 20

What is the role of the endocrine system?

Answer 20

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and secretion of hormones which regulate body growth, metabolism and function.

Question 21

What is the difference between neutrophils and macrophages?

Answer 21

Neutrophils and macrophages both consume bacteria but neutrophils are located in the bloodstream, whilst macrophages are located in the tissues of the body.