Biology and Biochemistry

Question 1

What are the two acidic amino acids called? What are their three letter abbraviations? What are their one letter abbreviations? What is the pKa of their functional groups? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

Answer 1

The pKa of glutamate and aspartate’s functional groups are approximately 4. These are also deprotonated under normal physiological conditions. (anionic at physiological pH)

Question 2

What are the three basic amino acids called? What are their three letter abbraviations? What are their one letter abbreviations? What is the pKa of their functional groups? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

Answer 2

Lys pKa = 10 (cationic at physiological pH)

Arg pKa = 12 (cationic at physiological pH)

His pKa = 6.5 (somehow it is basic?) (possibly cationic or anionic at physiological pH)

Question 3

What are the seven hydrophobic (nonpolar) amino acids called? What are their three letter abbraviations? What are their one letter abbreviations? What is the pKa of their functional groups? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the five polar (but not basic or acidic) amino acids called? What are their three letter abbraviations? What are their one letter abbreviations? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the two Sulfur-Containing amino acids called? What are their three letter abbraviations? What are their one letter abbreviations? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the one amino acid with its R group bound to its amino group called? What is its three letter abbraviation? What is its one letter abbreviations? Please come up with a good way to memorize these!

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Question 21

What is ΔG⁰’? Why is it used? What is its equation? What does each symbol mean?

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Question 27

What is the binding of two complementary strands of DNA into a double-stranded structure called? In contrast, what is the separation of strands of DNA called?

Answer 27

Anealing is the binding of two complementary strands of DNA into a double-stranded structure In contrast, melting or denaturation is the separation of strands of DNA.

Question 28

DNA gets wrapped around ________. Once DNA is wrapped around ________, the DNA and ________ complex is called a ___________. When multiple ______________ are packed next to each other, they are called __________.

Answer 28

DNA gets wrapped around histones. Once DNA is wrapped around histones, the DNA and histones complex is called a nucleosome. When multiple nucleosomes are packed next to each other, they are called chromatin.

Question 29

_______________ is highly complact DNA with histones, and ____________ is much less compact and has very high transcription rates when compared to ____________.

Answer 29

Heterochromatin is highly compact DNA with histones, and euchromatin is much less compact and has very high transcription rates when compared to heterochromatin.

Question 30

In eukaryotes, th efirst RNA transcribed from DNA is an immature or precursor to Messenger RNA (mRNA) called the _____________ ________ ____ (______). Processing events (such as addition of a cap and tail and splicing) are required for ______ to become mature mRNA. Since prokaryotes do not process their primary transcripts, ______ is only found in eukaryotes.

Answer 30

In eukaryotes, th efirst RNA transcribed from DNA is an immature or precursor to Messenger RNA (mRNA) called the heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). Processing events (such as addition of a cap and tail and splicing) are required for hnRNA to become mature mRNA. Since prokaryotes do not process their primary transcripts, hnRNA is only found in eukaryotes.

Question 31

Nucleotides in the DNA are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds between the ____ __________ _______of one deoxyribose and the ____ __________ __________ of the next deoxyribose.

Answer 31

Nucleotides in the DNA are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 3’ hydroxy group of one deoxyribose and the 5’ phosphate group of the next deoxyribose.

Question 32

____ ______, or simply ______, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases[1] that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase[2] or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork.[3][4] The enzyme causes negative supercoiling of the DNA or relaxes positive supercoils. It only exists in prokaryotes.

Answer 32

DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases[1] that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase[2] or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork.[3][4] The enzyme causes negative supercoiling of the DNA or relaxes positive supercoils. It only exists in prokaryotes.

Question 33

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Question 34

Larger proteins cannot pass through nuclear pores and are excluded from the nuclear interior unless they contain a sequence of basic amino acids called ________ ____________ __________.

Answer 34

Larger proteins cannot pass through nuclear pores and are excluded from the nuclear interior unless they contain a sequence of basic amino acids called nuclear localization Sequence.

Question 35

_____________ are the site of oxidative phosphorylation. The ____________ inner membrane is the location of the ___________ ________ _______ and _____ _____________ and is the site of the proton gradient used to drive ATP synthesis by ____ __________.

Answer 35

Mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria’s inner membrane is the location of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase and is the site of the proton gradient used to drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.