Biology and Behavior Flashcards
Franz Gall
Phrenology
- well developed areas of the brain would expand
Pierre Flourens
Conducted extirpation/ablation
- Removal of brain part to observe consequences
William James
Father of American Psychology
- Functionalism - how mental processes help individuals adapt to environments
John Dewey
Study of organism as a whole and its adaption
Paul Broca
- Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
- Discovered Broca’s area for speech production
Hermann von Helholtz
- Measured speed of nerve impulse
- transition of psychology into field of natural sciences
Sir Charles Sherrington
- Existence of synapses
Three kinds of nerve cells and functions
- Sensory neurons (afferent)
- ascend cord to brain
- Motor neurons (efferent)
- transmit info from brain/ cord to muscles and glands
- Interneurons
- involved in reflexes
layers of the meninges
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Dura mater
Midbrain
- Formed by hindbrain and midbrain
- most primitive region
Cerebral cortex functions
- language processing
- problems solving
- impulse control
- long term planning
Parts of the FOREBRAIN
- Cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
Parts of the MIDBRAIN
- Inferior and superior colliculi
Parts of the HINDBRAIN
- Cerebellum
- Medulla Oblongata
- Reticular formation
Cerebral Cortex
- Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
- Divided into frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
- has gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds)
Basal ganglia
- Movement and steady posture
- Parkinson’s disease associated with destruction of basal ganglia
- Extrapyrimidal system carries info about body position to CNS
Limbic System
- Emotion and memory
- Septal Nuclei - primary pleasure center
- Amygdala - defensive and aggressive behaviors
- Hippocampus - leaning and memory processes
Thalamus
- Sensory relay station
- Sorts and transmits sensory impulses
Hypothalamus
- Homeostatic functions
- emotion during high arousal states ( aggression, sex)
- primary regulator of autonomic nervouse system
- drives hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
- Lateral hypothalamus - hunger
- Ventromedial Hypothalamus - stop eating
- Anterior Hypothalamus - sexual behavior
Inferior Colliculi
Sensorimotor reflexes - auditory
Cerebellum
Refined motor movements
Balance
Medulla Oblongata
Vital functions: breathing, digestion, etc)
Reticular Formation
Arousal and alertness
Superior Colliculi
Sensorimotor reflexes - visual
Cortical maps
- Mapping out of brain functions in through the use of electrical stimulation
- Patient is awake and alert
Methods of brain imaging
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
- CT (computed tomography)
- PET (Position Emission Tomography) scan
- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
- fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
Acetylcholine
voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness
Catecholamines
- Family of related neurotransmitters/ also called monoamines or biogenic amines
- Epinephrine: adrenalines, alertness and wakefulness, fight or flight
- Norepinephrine: noradrenaline, alertness, fight flight, local level
- Dopamine: movement and posture, high in basal ganglia, imbalances related to Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease
Serotonin
Mood, sleep, eating, sleeping
GABA and Glycine
- Brain stabilization via hyperpolarization
- inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Brain excitation- excitatory neurotransmitter
Endorphins
- Are neuromodulators or neuropeptides
- natural painkillers
HORMONES
Chemical messengers of the endocrine system
Hypophyseal Portal system
- Connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
- Master gland
- divided into anterior and posterior
- anterior - releases hormones, controlled by hypothalamus
Adrenal glands
- Above kidneys
- two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
- _adrenal medull_a - secretes epinpehrine and norepinephrine
- adrenal cortex - produces corticosteroids, testosterone and estrogen
