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MCAT Behavioral Sciences study > Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology

  • well developed areas of the brain would expand
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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Conducted extirpation/ablation

  • Removal of brain part to observe consequences
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3
Q

William James

A

Father of American Psychology

  • Functionalism - how mental processes help individuals adapt to environments
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4
Q

John Dewey

A

Study of organism as a whole and its adaption

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
  • Discovered Broca’s area for speech production
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6
Q

Hermann von Helholtz

A
  • Measured speed of nerve impulse
  • transition of psychology into field of natural sciences
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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A
  • Existence of synapses
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8
Q

Three kinds of nerve cells and functions

A
  • Sensory neurons (afferent)
    • ascend cord to brain
  • Motor neurons (efferent)
    • transmit info from brain/ cord to muscles and glands
  • Interneurons
    • involved in reflexes
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9
Q

layers of the meninges

A
  1. Pia mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Dura mater
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10
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Formed by hindbrain and midbrain
  • most primitive region
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11
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A
  • language processing
  • problems solving
  • impulse control
  • long term planning
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12
Q

Parts of the FOREBRAIN

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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13
Q

Parts of the MIDBRAIN

A
  • Inferior and superior colliculi
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14
Q

Parts of the HINDBRAIN

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Reticular formation
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15
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
  • Divided into frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
  • has gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds)
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16
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • Movement and steady posture
  • Parkinson’s disease associated with destruction of basal ganglia
  • Extrapyrimidal system carries info about body position to CNS
17
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Emotion and memory
  1. Septal Nuclei - primary pleasure center
  2. Amygdala - defensive and aggressive behaviors
  3. Hippocampus - leaning and memory processes
18
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Sensory relay station
  • Sorts and transmits sensory impulses
19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Homeostatic functions
  • emotion during high arousal states ( aggression, sex)
  • primary regulator of autonomic nervouse system
  • drives hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
  1. Lateral hypothalamus - hunger
  2. Ventromedial Hypothalamus - stop eating
  3. Anterior Hypothalamus - sexual behavior
20
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Sensorimotor reflexes - auditory

21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Refined motor movements

Balance

22
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Vital functions: breathing, digestion, etc)

23
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Arousal and alertness

24
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Sensorimotor reflexes - visual

25
Q

Cortical maps

A
  • Mapping out of brain functions in through the use of electrical stimulation
  • Patient is awake and alert
26
Q

Methods of brain imaging

A
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
  • CT (computed tomography)
  • PET (Position Emission Tomography) scan
  • MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
  • fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

28
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Family of related neurotransmitters/ also called monoamines or biogenic amines
  1. Epinephrine: adrenalines, alertness and wakefulness, fight or flight
  2. Norepinephrine: noradrenaline, alertness, fight flight, local level
  3. Dopamine: movement and posture, high in basal ganglia, imbalances related to Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease
29
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, sleep, eating, sleeping

30
Q

GABA and Glycine

A
  • Brain stabilization via hyperpolarization
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
31
Q

Glutamate

A

Brain excitation- excitatory neurotransmitter

32
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Are neuromodulators or neuropeptides
  • natural painkillers
33
Q

HORMONES

A

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

34
Q

Hypophyseal Portal system

A
  • Connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
35
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Master gland
  • divided into anterior and posterior
    • anterior - releases hormones, controlled by hypothalamus
36
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • Above kidneys
  • two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
  1. _adrenal medull_a - secretes epinpehrine and norepinephrine
  2. adrenal cortex - produces corticosteroids, testosterone and estrogen
37
Q
A

MCAT Behavioral Sciences study (2 decks)

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