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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give a word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water - glucose + oxygen

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2
Q 
Give he functions of the:
Root
Leaf
Stem
Flower
A

Roots: absorbs water and. Minerals
Leaves: Photosynthesis occurs
Stem: Holds flower above ground
Flower: Reproductive organs

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3
Q

What minerals do plants need?

A

Nitrate for protein

Magnesium for chlorophyll

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4
Q 
Provide the functions for:
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
A 
Cell wall: Provides structure
Cell membrane: keeps toxic substance out
Chloroplast: Produce and store food
Nucleus: Controls activities within cell
Vacuole: Store nutrients and water
Cytoplasm: Protects cell
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5
Q

What are the male and female part of the flower?

A

Male: stigma; pollen contains male gametes
Female: stigma, ovaries, style; Ovule contains female gametes

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6
Q

Name all 7 parts of the digestive system and give their functions

A

Mouth: chews food
Oesophagus: moves food
Stomach: mixes food into creamy liquid
Pancreas: makes enzymes
Liver: makes alkaline fluid to neutralize acid from stomach
Small intestine: Digests proteins, carbs and absorbs amino acids, sugars etc…
Large intestine: absorbs water

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7
Q

Name 3 types of enzymes

A

Lipase
Amylase
Protease

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8
Q

Name the parts of the circulatory system

A

Right atrium: deoxygenated blood flows from here to lungs
Right ventricles: body to deoxygenated blood from RA to lungs
Left atrium: Gets oxygenated blood from lungs
Left ventricles: Oxygenated blood to body

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9
Q 
What are the functions fo a:
Plasma
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets
A

Plasma: pale yellow liquid from blood; carries digested/waste products
Red blood cells: carries oxygen from lungs to tissue; biconcave disc; survives 120 days
White blood cells: larger than RBC but fewer; defends body from diseases
Platelets: helps blood clot

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10
Q

Name the bone that protects our brain

A

Cranium

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11
Q

Name the bones from our shoulders and arms

A 
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpels
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12
Q

Name the bones from our leg

A

Femur
Tibia
Fibula

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13
Q

What is a hinge joint and a ball and socket joint?

A

Hinge joint: joint that moves only 1 direction

Ball and socket joint: joint moving in almost all directions

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14
Q

What is a vertebrate?

A

Vertebrate: animal with back bone

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15
Q

What is a:
Mollusks
Annelids
Arthropod

A

Mollusks: animal with soft body
Annelids: worms with body divided into segments
Arthropods: invertebrates with jointed legs; has exoskeleton

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16
Q

Name all the planets in the solar system

A 
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
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17
Q

What is a:
Rocky planet
Gas giants

A

Rocky planet: warm and dense planets

Gas giants: big and cold

18
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Breathing: movement of gases in and out of lungs
Respiration: Breakdown of nutrients molecules to release energy

19
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration: releasing energy from glucose by reacting with O2

20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In alveoli

21
Q

Describe the process of making fossils:

A
  • organisms die and sink into sea floor
  • sediments surrounding skeleton thickens
  • Skeleton dissolves leaving a mold of the skeleton
  • water come into cracks and crystalizes
  • over millions of years, fossils are made
22
Q

Name the three types of rocks and how they are formed

A

Igneous: comes from volcano
Sedimentary: comes from rivers
Metamorphic: formed by pressure/heat

23
Q 
What is the function of the:
Nervous system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
A

Nervous system: sends message from to muscles to coordinate activate activities of bodies
Digestive system: breaks down food so energy it contains can be used by body
Respiratory system: takes O2 from air and releases CO2
Excretory system: removes poisonous liquid wastes

24
Q

What can you find in a movable joint?

A

Ligaments: hold bones together
Cartilages: protects ends of bones from wear
Synovial fluid: reduces friction as bones move

25
Q

What is an antagonistic muscle?

A

When muscles are arranged in pairs and one contracts (gets shorter) and one relax.

26
Q 
Describe the functions of these nutrients:
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
A

Proteins: growth and repair of body tissues; produce amino acids
Fats: provides energy stored in body; produce fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates: provides energy which can be used quickly; produce simple sugar
Vitamins: wide range of functions keeping body healthy
Minerals: wide range of functions keeping body healthy and maintaining structure

27
Q 
What can the lack of these nutrients cause?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin B
Iron
A 
Vitamin A: can’t see in the dark
Vitamin B: beriberi
Vitamin C: scurvy
Vitamin B: rickets
Iron: anaemia
28
Q 
What are the functions of these from the respiratory system?
Nose
Windpipe/trachea
Lung
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Chest wall
Diaphragm
A

Nose: hairs filter dust; mucus traps bacteria
Windpipe: ciliated cells move bacteria trapped in mucus to top of windpipe for swallowing
Lung: organ where gas exchange happens
Bronchi: tube to lung with same features are windpipe
Bronchioles: tubes with muscles in walls carry air to alveoli
Alveoli: gaseous exchange happens
Chest wall: ribs rise to increase chest volume and draw air in and decrease to push air out
Diaphragm: contracts to increase chest volume to draw air in; push air out is opposite

29
Q 
Give the functions for these reproductive organs:
Testis (2)
Glands 
Penis
Ovary(2)
Oviduct
Uterus
Vagina
A

Testis (2): contains sac called scrotum to keep cool for sperm production
Glands: produce fluid that mix with sperm to form semen
Penis: delivers semen to vagina
Ovary(2): produces eggs
Oviduct: one next to each ovary; contains ciliated cells which move egg along oviduct
Uterus: place where fetus develops
Vagina: receives penis and semen

30
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation

A
  • Sperm swims from vagina through uterus into oviduct. If egg is present in oviduct, the head of sperm breaks off and enters the egg
  • occurs when male and female gamete join together and form cell called zygote
31
Q

Describe the foetal development

A
  • zygote divides to form ball of cells; cell on surface of zygote forms placenta
  • placenta takes food and O2 from mother to fetus and wastes from fetus to mother
  • placenta produces hormones stopping ovaries to produce more eggs
  • fetus connected to placenta by umbilical cord and its surrounded by amnion
  • amnion is filled with watery liquid called amniotic fluid
32
Q 
Describe the consequences of bad habits during pregnancy:
Lack of nutrients
Alcohol
Smoking
STDs
Tuberculosis (TB)
Malaria
Rubella
A

Lack of nutrients: slows fetal growth
Alcohol: reduces sperm reductions; causes nerve damage to baby
Smoking: slows fetal growth
STDs: makes female infertile
Tuberculosis (TB): can kill fetus
Malaria: slows growth of fetus and can kill it
Rubella: can cause nerve and heart damage to fetus

33
Q

What is a microorganism?

And give ways on what is important and why.

A

Organism made from body with only one cell.
Are important in many ways:
Decomposition: bacteria and fungi break down organisms and release minerals into soil for plants
Food production: yeast (fungus) used to make bread; bacteria used to make yoghurt
Disease

34
Q 
Give the. Functions of these. Important cell. Types:
Muscle cell
Nerve cell
Ciliated epithelium cell
Root hair cell
A

Muscle cell: if arranged in layers, can move food in esophagus, stomach and intestine
Nerve cell: electrical signals pass along fibre giving messages for brain and muscles
Ciliated epithelium cell: cells line windpipe; cilia move dust-filled mucus away from lungs
Root hair cell: cells form near root tip to take water from soil

35
Q 
Give functions for:
Cells
Tissues
Organs 
Organisms
A

Cells of one type. Are arranged into groups called tissues
Tissues: groups of tissues join together to form organ
Organs: group organs which perform particular task form a system
Organisms: are formed by group of organ system

36
Q

Give the plant adaptations to these habitats and conditions:
Rainforest: hot, humid, sunlit roof, dark on floor
Dessert: hot in day, cold at night, short period of rainfall onto well drained soil
River

A

Rainforest: trees have leaves on top of trunk to receive sunlight.
Dessert: have thick waxy skins to prevent water loss; long roots to get water from deep soil.
River: plants take in CO2 dissolved in water; takes minerals dissolved in water through stem and leaves; roots to hold pant in mud.

37
Q

What is a food chain and food web?

A

Food: chain shows path of food and energy it contains through series of organisms as one feeds on another.
Food web: food chains in habitat linked together.

38
Q

How are the plant kingdom and animal kingdom divided?

A

Plant kingdom: divided into 5 large subgroups (algae, mosses and liverwort, ferns, conifers, flowering plants).
Animal kingdom: divided into invertebrates and vertebrates
*kingdom = largest group
Species = smallest group

39
Q

Genetic material

A
  • -nucleus- of cell contains -chromosomes- on which are call -genes-
  • -genes- are made up from -DNA-
  • chromosomes are arranged in pairs; when gametes are produced, they receive only one of each pair of chromosomes
  • when gamete fuse in fertilization, zygote receives one half of its chromosomes from each parent
40
Q

What is selective breeding?

A
  • is used to produce varieties in a species which have particular useful features
41
Q 
Give the things you can find in each art of the earth layers:
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
A

Crust: igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
Mantle: rocky materials containing Si, O2, Fe and Mg
Outer core: liquid Fe and Ni
Inner core: solid Fe and Ni

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