Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Through observations or experiments inductive seeks to supply strong evidence for but not absolute proof of the truth of the conclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of inductive reasoning?

A

The first coin I pulled from my bag is a penny. The second coin I pulled from my bag is a penny. The third coin I pulled from my bag is a penny.

Conclusion: All the coins in my bag are pennies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

You begin with a theory or a premise, then examine the data in light of the theory or premise and then reach a conclusion. Deductive reasoning, which flows from general to specific, is used to generate hypotheses when designing an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of deductive reasoning?

A

My mother is Irish. Everyone from Ireland has blond hair. Therefore, my mother has blond hair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Quantitative: numerical measurement
Qualitative: description, no numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is variability? Small and large?

A

Measures how far a set of numbers is spread out. Small variance indicates that the data are cluttered tightly around the average and Large variance indicates that the data are spread out (lots of different observations).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you calculate variance?

A
  1. Find the average (mean).
  2. Subtract each data point and the mean.
  3. square all the values and divide them by the number of data points. (If its a same, do N-1)
    Entire population: σ2
    Sample: s2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It provides information about how much observations of a data set differ from its mean. Variance can be calculated for a sample (s) as well as for a population (σ).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 key characteristics of living organisms?

A

1.Order, with precise spatial organization on several levels.
2. The ability to change in response to the environment:
(Shivering when cold
Sunflowers face the sun)
3. Ability to reproduce: (sexually or asexually)
4. Capacity to evolve; note that populations evolve through natural selection, single organisms don’t evolve
5. Ability to grow and develop (Develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism/ Grow from a baby to an adult)
6. Ability to produce energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does photosynthesis (carbon fixation) take place in plants and what is the equation for it?

A

Chloroplast
co2+water -> sugar+o2
carbon fixation: inorganic carbon into organic compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give an example of a primary producer and primary consumer.

A

pp: plants
pc: use energy stored in plant sugar and release it (animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cellular respiration equation and where does it take place?

A

it takes place in the mitochondria.

sugar+o2-> energy+co2+water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the biological hierarchy from general to specific.

A

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

Consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All living things in a particular area, along with non living components that interact together. It’s an energy producing system. (aka lakes or forests)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a community?

A

All living organism that inhabit an ecosystem. Its a collection of populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a population?

A

Individuals of a species living in a specific area at a specific time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an organism?

A

Individual living thing. Organisms are formed from organ systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What us an organ and what is an organ system?

A

Organ: body part that has a specific function

Organ system: a team of organs that cooperate in a large function aka circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that work together performing a specialized function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a cell?

A

it is the fundamental unit of life. The simplest self-replicated entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Found within a cell that performs a specific function (mitochondria produces energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All cells, regardless of size have:

A
  1. Stable blueprint of informations in molecular form. It has the ability to store and transmit information (DNA, deoxyribonucleic), sequence of 4 different letters).
  2. Discrete boundary that separates the interior of the cell from its exterior (plasma membrane, second essential feature of all cells). Plant cells ahem cell walls, found outside the plasma membrane. It provides protection and support.
  3. Ability to harness materials and energy from its envierment.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name all the classification of Life.

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

(dear king Philip cried out for good sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria (prokaryote)
  2. Archaea (prokaryote)
  3. Eukarya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some characteristic of bacteria and archaea?

A

They are both very small compares to eukaryotes. Have no internal membrane (the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell). They only have a cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is domain bacteria?

A

Some cause diseases and other are beneficial: decomposers, yogurt, cheese, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some characteristics of domain archaea?

A

They have cell walls, but their compositions differs between “types” of archaea. They live in extreme envierments:

  • methanogen (produce methanols anaerobically)
  • halophiles (salt tolerant)
  • Thermophiles (high temp)
  • Acidophiles (low pH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is domain eukarya?

A
  • larger then bacteria/archaea
    -subdivided by internal membranes that form organelles.
  • Largest organelle is the nucleus, which contains DNA.
  • All eukaryotes contain bacteria.
    (plants have mitochondria + chloroplast)
30
Q

What are the 4 major kingdoms of the Eukarya?

A

kingdom plantar (plants)
kingdom fungi (mushrooms)
animals
protista

31
Q

What is kingdom plantae? What are the cell walls composed of?

A

They produce their own energy (autotroph) through photosynthesis (photo-autotroph). They are primary producers, multicellular and cell wall are made of cellulose.

32
Q

what is an autotroph?

A

they produce their own energy

33
Q

What is kingdom fungi? What do they have in their cell walls?

A

Absorb their food from the surroundings (heterotroph). They are decomposers and multicellular, but some are unicellular. They have chitin in there cell walls.

34
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

absorb food form their surrounds.

35
Q

Characteristics of the classification of life: animals? What do they have in their cell walls?

A

obtain food through ingestion (heterotroph) with the exception of some parasites. They are consumers, are mobile, multicellular and have no cell wall.

36
Q

kingdom Protista

A

organism having nucleus but lacking other features specific to plans, animals or fungi.

37
Q

What is evolution?

A

The idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones. So the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

38
Q

What is natural selection?

A

its one of the mechanisms through which evolution occurs. Its a process of elimination and differential reproduction.

39
Q

How does natural selection work?

A
  1. Individuals within a population must differ for at least one trait.
  2. The variation must be heritable (coded and passed by in DNA).
  3. In an environment, some individuals will have traits that give them a little advantage, which allows them to live longer.
40
Q

What does the earths crust consist of mainly?

A
  • oxygen
  • silicon
  • (with significant amounts of) aluminum, iron and calcium.
41
Q

What are organism mainly consists of?

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen

42
Q

96% of our body weight is composed of

A

CHON

43
Q

99.99% of our body weight is composed of

A

CHNOPS

44
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A
  1. covalent
  2. hydrogen
  3. Ionic
45
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Two atoms share valence electrons with each other. It is considered the stronger bond.

46
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

They are covalent bonds where the electron is equally (or almost equally) shared between two atoms. This is because each atom has exact or very similar affinity for the electron. (H2, O2, CH4)

47
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

They are covalent bonds in which the electron is unequally shared between 2 atoms. This is because one of the atoms has a higher affinity for the electron than the other (H2O)

48
Q

What type of chemical bond does carbon and 4 hydrogens form?

A

Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon and hydrogen have an almost equal electron affinity for electrons.

49
Q

Explain the chemical bond of an H2O bond.

A

Oxygen has a high affinity and hydrogen does not. The electron spends more time around the oxygen atom than it does around the hydrogen atom. So, oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive. So, the bonds within the water molecule are polar covalent bonds. Bonds between water molecules are hydrogen bonds.

50
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Molecules that can hydrogen bond with water molecules.

51
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Molecules that cannot hydrogen bonds with water.

52
Q

Hydrogen bonds can only exist between?

A

hydrogen and nitrogen, since nitrogen is also strongly electronegative.

53
Q

Explain the ionic bond between Na and Cl

A

Na has lost an electron and is a cation (+) and has a positive formal charge. Cl has gained an electron and is an anion (-) and has a negative formal charge. They have an electrostatic attraction.

54
Q

Do salts form discrete molecules?

A

NO!

what is a discrete molecule? diatomic atoms (O2, CH4, etc)

55
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Formed by the interactions of polar molecules. Each hydrogen bond is individually very weak and transient, but the cumulative effects of large numbers is significant.

56
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  • cohesion and adhesion
  • High surface tension
  • High specific heat
  • High heat of vaporization
  • Expansion
  • Solvent
57
Q

What is cohesive properties?

A

They cause water molecules to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds. Evaporated water is replaced by water being pulled through the stem of a tree. Any force exerted on part of the column of water will be transmitted to the column as a whole. This is very important for capillary action in plants.

58
Q

What are adhesive properties?

A

They cause water to adhere to vessels of plants, counteracting gravity and therefore an important component for apiary action.

59
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Its a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

60
Q

What has a greater attraction (surface tension)?

A

Water molecules have a greater attraction for each other than for air, so they crowd together at the surface producing a strong layer

61
Q

What has the highest heat capacity? How many joules?

A

Water! It requires 4.2 Joules to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Fun fact: 7-% of earth is covered by water, and its specific heat capacity is important because it can absorb a lot of heat without using the global temperature.

62
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

Its the amount of heat needed to turn 1 g of liquid into vapour without a change in temperature. This is a change in state, which requires a lot of heat.

63
Q

What role does water play in heat of vaporization?

A

Because of the high heat of vaporization, evaporation of water has apronounced cooling effect, and condensation has a warming effect. As water leaves the surface, it takes a lot of heat with it. When water vapor condenses, heat is released to the surroundings.

64
Q

Liquid water is more dense at what temperature?

A

4 digress Celsius

65
Q

Explain expansion. Why does it benefit bodies of water?

A

As water freezes, each water molecules will hydrogen bond to 4 other water molecules to form a less dense configuration. This is why ice floats.

It benefits bodies of water because freezing water releases heat to the water below and insulates it so that organisms beneath the surface can survive.

66
Q

Explain solvent properties.

A

Ionic compounds dissolve in water since charged regions of polar water molecules have an electrical attraction to charged ions. Due to its polarity water has good solvent properties.

67
Q

What are hydrophobic properties and hydrophilic properties?

A

Hydrophobic property: not having an affinity of water, or being water fearing, for example nonpolar substances.

Hydrophilic property: having an affinity for water, for example ions and polar substances.

68
Q

What type of molecules are proteins?

A

polar molecules and they are solvable in water.

69
Q

Why do our bodies have buffering systems? What happens during hyperventilation?

A
  • to maintain a constant pH in the blood
  • pH of our blood increases if we hyperventilate, and in the process release more CO2 than usual.
  • water ionizes and is a component of buffering systems.
70
Q

Why are nitrogen and iodine important?

A

Nitrogen: Plants need nitrogen to make amino acids to make proteins, and to make DNA.

Iodine: its essential in our diet. Not enough creates swelling.

Semester 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions