Biology

Question 1

Define endocrine system:

Answer 1

The collection of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream which then travel through the blood.

Question 2

Define hormones

Answer 2

A chemical messenger that travels through blood vessels to target cells.

Question 3

What is the purpose of hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones serve as messengers, controlling and coordinating activities throughout the body.

Question 4

How do the hormones travel around the body?

Answer 4

Through the blood

Question 5

What is a target cell?

Answer 5

A cell that has a receptor that matches a specific hormone

Question 6

Name three effects of the “fight or flight” response:

Answer 6

1. Increase in heart rate
2. Cold sweat
3. Widening of pupils

Question 7

What is the usual role of the hormone adrenaline?

Answer 7

The function is to stimulate the heart rate and enlarge blood vessels.

Question 8

Define homeostasis:

Answer 8

Your body’s ability to regulate and maintain a stable condition inside your body.

Question 9

An example of how your body keeps homeostasis:

Answer 9

Muscles to make you shiver, (to warm up). The body carries heat via the blood to your skin so that you sweat cools you down.

Question 10

How does blood glucose regulation work?

Answer 10

When your blood glucose level is to high, the receptors in your pancreas detects this and releases more insulin which causes muscles and liver cells to increase their intake of glucose from the blood

Question 11

Why blood glucose regulation is negative feedback?

Answer 11

Removes original stimuli

Question 12

What are pathogens?

Answer 12

Anything that causes disease.

Eg: Fungi, bacteria

Question 13

Why is negative feedback often associated with maintaining homeostasis?

Answer 13

The effectors respond by removing the stimulus.

Question 14

The body becomes to hot: negative feedback?

Answer 14

The effectors include your sweat glands and blood vessels, your body than carry’s the heat to your skin so that sweat evaporates and cools you.

Question 15

What is the germ theory?

Answer 15

1. The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of disease.
2. The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in the lab.
3. The pathogen from a pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy lab animal
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.

Question 16

What are antibiotics?

Answer 16

An antibiotic is a drug used to treat a bacterial infections, but not viruses or other pathogens.

Question 17

What is the role of your immune system?

Answer 17

To protect you against foreign invaders by physically stopping them from entering your body, identifying and attacking them if they manage to enter.

Question 18

What is the first line of defence?

Answer 18

To stop the pathogens from getting inside your body. Stopped by skin and mucous membranes.

Question 19

Define white blood cells:

Answer 19

An immune system cell that destroys pathogens

Question 20

What are the two ways apart of the second line of defense:

Answer 20

1. “Seek & destroy” blood clotting stop infection through skin damage, inflammation increase amount of blood cells reaching affected areas and fever pathogens can’t survive in high temps.
2. White blood cells are produced by the body to destroy pathogens.

Question 21

What’s the third line of defense?

Answer 21

Specific immune response, two forms of attack. B cells produce special molecules called antibodies. T cells then recognise the same specific pathogen, attack & kill it.

Question 22

What can a vaccine be?

Answer 22

1. Dead pathogen
2. A living but weakened form of a pathogen
3. Parts of the broken pathogen

Question 23

Define ectotherm and give an example?

Answer 23

Animals that cannot produce their own thermal energy and rely on their surrounding temperature. Eg: Reptiles such as snakes

Question 24

Define endotherm and give an example?

Answer 24

Animals that can produce their own thermal energy and regulate their own temperature. Eg: Humans