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BTEC Unit 5 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulatory system?

A

Carry blood from the heart to the lungs & back

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2
Q

What is the function of the systemic circulatory system?

A

Carry blood from the heart to the body & back

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3
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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4
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

Thick muscular layer Narrow lumen Thick elastic layer Blood travels at high pressure

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5
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Thin muscular layer Wide lumen Thin elastic layer Blood travels at low pressure Has valves

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6
Q

What is the structure that divides the heart into left and right sides called?

A

Septum

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7
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves located?

A

At the bottom of the arteries heaving the heart

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8
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Prevent backflow

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9
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Can generate electrical impulses without input from the brain

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10
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

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11
Q

Describe the structure of heart muscle.

A

Striated Resembles skeletal muscle but the fibres are less wide Joined at intercalated discs for quick transmission of impulses

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12
Q

What ions do cardiac muscle cells need to contract?

A

Calcium ions

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13
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A

The heart’s pacemaker. it generates impulses to cause contraction of heart muscles.

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14
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

70-80 bpm

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15
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Slows down the impulses to allow ventricles to fill before contracting.

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16
Q

What are the Bundles of His?

A

Specialised muscle fibres that conduct electricity

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17
Q

Why must ventricular contraction start at the apex of the heart?

A

To prevent blood from being trapped at the bottom of the ventricles.

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18
Q

What is the equation to calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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19
Q

Where are antigens located?

A

On the surface of red blood cells

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20
Q

Where are antibodies located?

A

In the blood plasma

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21
Q

What blood type is called the universal donor?

A

O negative

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22
Q

What blood type is called the universal recipient?

A

AB positive

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23
Q

What factors increase the risk of CVD?

A

Genetics Age Gender Diet High blood pressure Smoking Inactivity

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24
Q

How can CVD be treated?

A

Antihypertensives Statins Transplantation and immunosuppressants

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25
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Short diffusion pathway Large surface area Maintenance of diffusion gradients

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26
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after the deepest exhale.

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27
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath

28
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

29
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal breath out.

30
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be exhaled after the the deepest breath in.

31
Q

What is peak expiratory flow rate?

A

The maximum speed of expiration

32
Q

What is a peak flow meter for?

A

Measuring the ability to breathe out air and can monitor degree of obstruction in airways. They can be used to determine lung function in asthma and emphysema patients.

33
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a deep breath in.

34
Q

What is forced vital capacity used to determine?

A

The presence and severity of lung disease.

35
Q

How does exercise affect oxygen consumption?

A

Increases it.

36
Q

What is respiratory minute ventilation?

A

The volume of air passing into and out of the lungs per minute.

37
Q

What is the equation for respiratory minute ventilation?

A

RMV = tidal volume x breathing rate

38
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of toxic metabolic waste.

39
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The regulation of the concentration of solutes in body fluids, by regulating salt and water in the body

40
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

41
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Stores urine prior to removal.

42
Q

What is the function of the renal artery?

A

Supplies blood to the kidney.

43
Q

What is the function of the renal vein?

A

Carries blood away from the kidney.

44
Q

Where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

Glomerulus & Bowman’s capule

45
Q

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorb most of the filtrate: water, glucose, ions

46
Q

What is the role of the loop of Henle?

A

Set up an area of high concentration in the renal medulla, which the collecting duct passes through.

47
Q

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Help to control blood pH by adding or removing hydrogen ions, helpts to control blood volume and concentration of urine by absorbing ions into blood (caused by aldosterone)

48
Q

Why does water get reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

It passes through an area of high concentration, therefore water is reabsorbed back into the blood by osmosis

49
Q

What hormone controls the reabsorption of water?

A

ADH

50
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

It is released when blood concentration is too high. It causes the collecting duct to become more permeable and therefore more water is reabsorbed.

51
Q

What hormones are produced when blood pressure is low?

A

Angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I – > angiotensin II

52
Q

How does angiotensin II afftect the kidneys?

A

It stimulates the production of aldosterone, causing more sodium to be retained by the kidneys.

53
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model contain?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • extrinsic and intrinsic proteins
  • cholesterol
  • protein channels
  • protein carriers
  • antigens and receptors
54
Q

What is facillitated diffusion?

A

Ions and molecules that would not be able to cross the cell membrane are able to cross using protein channels or carrier proteins

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Vesicles are formed from cell membrane to engluf large substances into the cell. It is a form of active transport.

56
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Vesicles inside the cell join with the cell membrane to release large molecules. It is a form of active transport.

57
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio (SA/V) when the size of an organism increases?

A

SA/V decreases

58
Q

What is a statin?

A

A type of medication used to lower the cholesterol levels in the blood.

59
Q

What are the risks of statins?

A

dizziness
risk of liver or kidney damage

60
Q

What are the benefits of statins?

A

reduces the risk of narrowed arteries
helps fight inflammation

61
Q

What are some examples of high blood pressure medications?

A

diuretics
beta blockers

62
Q

What are the pros of high blood pressure tablets?

A

Wide range of medications so a suitable option can be found for each individual

63
Q

What are the cons of high blood pressure medication?

A

erection problems
weakness/ fatigue
insomnia

64
Q

Describe the cardiac electrical conducting system

A

stage 1: impulse generated through the sinoatrial node and into the atria
stage 2: impulse generated at the atrioventricular node allows for the electrical imule to slow down
stage 3: impulse generated down the bundle of His through the ventricular walls and up the purkinje fibres
stage 4:no impulse

65
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

Stage 1: atria contracts ventricles relax
ventricles fill with blood through the AV valve
articular systole ventricular diastole

Stage 2: atria contracts ventricles relax
blood is slowly pushed through the AV valve
ventricular diastole and articular systole

Stage 3:
ventricles contract and atria relax
semilunar valves open
blood is pushed through the pulmonary artery
ventricular systole articular diastole

Stage 4;
ventricle and atria relax
Passive filling
Ventricular and auricular diastole

66
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Substance in the lungs that keeps the lungs open and prevents the lungs from collapsing by lowering surface tension

BTEC Unit 5 (3 decks)

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