Biology Flashcards
1
Q
what is the cell theory?
A
1) all living organisms are made of one or more cells.
2) the cell is the basic organizational unit of life
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells
2
Q
what are Prokaryotes?
A
bacteria
3
Q
what are Eukaryotes?
A
plants and animals
4
Q
What are organelles?
A
any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell
5
Q
what are the basic cell activities?
A
- nutrient intake
- movement
- growth
- response to changing conditions
- gas exchange
- waste removal
- reproduction
6
Q
what is the cell membrane?
A
- outer boundary of cell
- separates the cell from others
- allows some molecules to pass through
7
Q
what is cytoplasm?
A
- cell material outside the nucleus
- contains organelles
thick, clear fluid
8
Q
what is the nucleus?
A
- control centre for all activity
- surrounded by nuclear membrane
- contains DNA
large oval body near centre the cell
9
Q
what is the mitochondria?
A
- powerhouse of the cell
- releases energy from glucose (cellular respiration)
glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + H2O + energy
10
Q
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
- passageway for material moving through the cell
two types: rough ER and smooth ER
11
Q
what are ribosomes?
A
- helps to make proteins
tiny spherical bodies found in cytoplasms
12
Q
what is the golgi apparatus?
A
- packages protein and waste for transport out of cell
- surrounds protein w/ bag called vesicle
13
Q
what are lysosomes?
A
- used in digestion
small spherical structures
14
Q
what is the vacuole (animal)?
A
- stores food (plants have larger vacuoles)
clear fluid sacs
15
Q
Only animal cells have this…
A
centrioles (organelles)
16
Q
what is the cell wall (plant)?
A
- gives plant cells structure to stand up
made up of cellulose (hard exterior)
17
Q
what is the large vacuole (plant)?
A
- stores large quantities of water
- gives more shape to cell
18
Q
what are chloroplasts (chlorophyll)?
A
- traps energy from the sun to make glucose in photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2
19
Q
which type of cell doesn’t have a nucleus?
A
prokaryotic cells
20
Q
how many cells die every hour?
A
one billion
21
Q
what are the three main stages of the cell cycle?
A
- interphase
- mitosis (cell division)
- cytokinesis
22
Q
what are chromosomes?
A
- found in every cell
- long piece of coiled DNA and proteins
- humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
23
Q
what is the relaxed/uncoiled form of chromosomes called?
A
chromatin
24
Q
what is the condensed form of chromosomes called?
A
chromosome
25
what is the single strand of chromosomes called?
chromatid
26
describe interphase
- cell spends 90% of its time in this phase
| - the cell takes in nutrients, grows, and replicates DNA
27
what are the phases of mitosis?
PMAT
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
28
what is prophase?
- chromatin condenses to become chromosomes
| - nuclear envelope disintegrates
29
what is metaphase?
- chromosomes move to the middle of cell
| - nuclear membrane is completely dissolved
30
what is anaphase?
- chromatids separate
| - pulled to opposite side of the cell
31
what is telophase?
- new membrane begins to form around the nucleus at each end of the cell
- cell splits into two new daughter cells by pinching inward
32
what happens when mitosis goes wrong?
you get cancer
33
what is cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
34
what is sexual reproduction?
- multicellular organisms
| - involves half a cell from each parent
35
what is asexual reproduction?
- single cell organisms
- involves one parent
- offspring are exact genetic copies of parent
36
how is a tumour formed?
instead of the cell dying, it divides repetitively and excessively forming a clump of cells called a tumour
37
what's difference between cancer and a tumour?
- cancer is a disease that eventually disrupts the body functions
- a tumour is a mass of cells w/ no apparent function in the body
38
what is cancer?
it's the uncontrolled division and spread of abnormal cells.
39
what is a benign tumour?
(non-cancerous) harmless tumours that do not spread
40
what is a malignant tumour?
harmful tumours that have the potential to spread through the body
41
what is a metastatic tumour?
tumours that have traveled and grown in other areas
42
what is carcinoma?
- forms in the skin/tissue
| - affects the body's internal organs (liver, kidneys)
43
what is sarcoma?
- most difficult to cure
| - affects the connective tissue in the body (blood, nerves, bones, muscles)
44
why are older people more prone to getting cancer?
- because the immune system of older people is not as effective in distinguishing normal cells from cancer cells
- cancer develops after multiple mutations have occurred
- because older people have been exposed to more carcinogens
45
how does cancer arise?
from the accumulation of genetic changes/mutations
46
how many genes are involved in most cancers?
minimum of 6-9 genes
47
people can be susceptible to cancer based on what?
their genetic makeup
but cancer isn't is directly passed from parent to child
48
what do malignant cells enter?
blood, lymph or tissue.
49
what are the types of cancer treatments?
- radiation: high energy rays to kill cancer cells
- chemotherapy: uses cytotoxic drugs to prevent rapidly dividing cells
- surgery: physically removes cancer cells
50
how do we have so many different types of cells?
stem cells
51
what is cell specialization?
occurs when different chemicals stimulate stem cells, which causes them to differentiate into different cells
52
what are red blood cells?
- carries O2 and nutrients to body
| - groove in centre binds O2
53
what are white blood cells?
- attack/remove unwanted cells (viruses, cancer)
54
what are platelets?
- stops blood loss by forming plugs in holes of blood vessels
- arm-like structures that help them attach to one another
55
what is skin?
- covers the outside of the body to protect inside cells and reduce water loss
- can be greatly modified throughout the body
56
what is bone?
- collects calcium from food and allows the growth/repair of bones
57
what is muscle?
- arranged in bundles called muscle fibres
- different kinds of muscle cells are found in the body
muscles contract which makes the fibres shorter and causes bones to move
58
what is fat?
- contains large vacuoles in which to store fat molecules
| - this is how chemical energy is stored
59
what are nerves?
- long thin cells with many branches
| - conduct electrical impulses to coordinate body activity
60
what is hair?
- receptor cells that are sensitive to air waves which lets us hear
- finite number of cells
- found inner ear (canal)
61
what is sperm?
- able to independently
| - carrying DNA from the male parent to join with an egg cell from the female parent
62
whats the level organization order?
- cells
- tissue
- organs
- organ system
- organism
63
what is the main function of the nervous system?
it senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses
64
what is the central nervous system?
consists of the brain and the spinal cord
65
what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by to protect it?
brain - skull
| spinal cord - spine guards
66
what is the myelin sheath?
fatty material that acts like insulation on an electrical wire
67
what are sensory receptors?
- special cells/tissues that receive input from our external environment
- sends signals along peripheral nerves to central nervous system
68
what is peristalsis?
movement of muscles in the esophagus and small intestine that moves the food
69
what type of tissue is the digestive tract made of?
epithelial tissue
70
what do the goblet cells produce?
mucus
71
what does mucus do?
- protects the digestive tube from enzymes
| - allows material to pass smoothly through the digestive tube
72
what is the nasal cavity?
filters, warms, and moistens air
73
what is the pharynx?
back of throat that acts like fork in the road to proceed to the esophagus or trachea
74
what is the epiglottis?
valve that doesn't allow food to enter the trachea
75
what is the larynx?
vocal cords, also called the voice box and Adams apple
76
what is the trachea?
takes air into the lungs
77
what is the bronchus?
moves air from the trachea to the lung
78
what are bronchioles?
tiny branches of the bronchus
79
what is the alveoli?
O2 and CO2 exchange
80
what does the diaphragm do?
- contracts and moves down when inhaling
| - relaxes and moves up when exhaling
81
what does the aorta do?
carries oxygenated blood to the body
82
what does the pulmonary artery do?
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
83
what does the inferior vena cava do?
carries deoxygenated blood from the body
84
what does the left atrium do?
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs
85
how is the trachea supported?
by cartilage called tracheal rings
86
what are arteries?
thick walled tubes that transport oxygenated blood to the body (away from the heart)
87
what are veins?
thinner walled tubes that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart (towards the heart)
88
what are capillaries?
small thin walled blood vessels that allow substances to pass in and out of the circulatory system
89
what are the 3 types of blood vessels?
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
90
what are the parts of the blood?
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
91
what happens when you get a heart attack?
muscles in your heart don't get enough oxygen
92
what are the three main components of the circulatory system?
- heart
- arteries
- veins
93
what is plasma?
carries blood cells around the body
94
what are the three types of connective tissue?
- bones
- ligament
- cartilage
95
what are muscles made of?
hundreds of muscles fibres
96
what are the three types of muscle?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
97
describe skeletal muscles
- voluntary muscles that move bones
| - attached to tendons which are attached bones
98
describe cardiac muscles
- involuntary muscle that makes up the heart
| - muscles in heart contract to pump blood
99
describe smooth muscle
- involuntary muscles that make up the intestines, eyelids, and diaphragm
100
what is gas exchange?
- oxygen enters blood stream in the lungs by diffusion
| - CO2 leaves the blood on the same way
101
what is the alveolus?
- tiny sac of air in the lugs that is surrounded by capillaries
- where gas exchange takes place between air and blood
102
how to plants create their own food?
photosynthesis
103
what are the 2 main body systems plants have?
- root system
| - shoot system
104
for the root system, the plant consist of organs that grow where?
below the ground
105
what is the root system responsible for?
- anchoring plants to the ground
- absorption of water and minerals from the soil
- storage of food (not vegetables)
106
for the shoot system, the plant consists of organs that grow where?
above the ground
107
what is the shoot system responsible for?
- photosynthesis
| - flower reproduction for reproductive purpose
108
what are the three parts the shoot system is composed of?
- leaf
- flower
- stem
109
what are some functions of the leaves?
- support
- protection
- reproduction and attraction
110
what are the main functions of the stem?
- support the branches, leaves, flowers
- provides a way to transport materials
- some stems are specialized for storage of glucose
111
what are the three types of plant tissues?
- dermal tissue
- vascular tissue
- ground tissue
112
dermal tissue includes what type of tissue?
- epidermal
| - periderm
113
what is epidermal tissue?
thin layer of cells that cover the surface of leaves, stems, and roots
114
what helps protect the plant from water loss?
the waxy cuticle
115
what is vascular tissue?
transports water, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the plant
116
what are the 2 types of vascular tissue?
- xylem
| - phloem
117
what is xylem?
- elongated cells that, once matured, are hollow tubes
- transport water from the roots to leaves
- no longer living tissue when matured
118
what is phloem?
- transports sugars
| - living tissue
119
what are the 2 ways vascular tissue is arranged?
- monocot (arranged randomly)
| - dicot (arranged in a ring)
120
what is ground tissue?
composed of all tissue in between dermal and vascular tissue
121
what does ground tissue in roots do?
storage of carbs
122
what does ground tissue in stems do?
provides storage + support
123
what does ground tissue in leaves do?
performs photosynthesis
124
what are melismatic cells?
- like stem cells but in plants
- have ability to differentiate into specialized tissues
- will continue to divide throughout plant life
125
where are melismatic cells?
- apical meristem tissue
| - lateral meristem tissue
126
where is apical meristem tissue located?
- tip of the roots + shoots
| - allows plant to grow taller
127
what is the 3 step process appeal meristem cells go through?
- cell division
- elongation
- maturation
128
where is lateral meristem tissue located?
stem + roots
allows plant to grow wider
129
what are the 2 rings made up of lateral meristem tissue that run the length of roots and shoots?
- cork (outer ring)
| - xylem/phloem (inner ring tells us how old a tree is)
130
what are guard cells?
create openings in the cuticle which allow gases to enter leaf (openings are called stomata)
131
what does the large intestine do?
absorbs water and vitamin k
132
what does the pancreas do?
produces enzymes that break down nutrients
133
what do capillaries do?
tiny blood vessels transport absorbed nutrients
134
what do parietal cells do?
produce HCL
135
what do chief cells do?
produce pepsin which breaks down proteins
