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Science - Grade 10 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

1) all living organisms are made of one or more cells.
2) the cell is the basic organizational unit of life
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

what are Prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

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3
Q

what are Eukaryotes?

A

plants and animals

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4
Q

What are organelles?

A

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

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5
Q

what are the basic cell activities?

A
  • nutrient intake
  • movement
  • growth
  • response to changing conditions
  • gas exchange
  • waste removal
  • reproduction
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6
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A
  • outer boundary of cell
  • separates the cell from others
  • allows some molecules to pass through
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7
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A
  • cell material outside the nucleus
  • contains organelles

thick, clear fluid

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8
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • control centre for all activity
  • surrounded by nuclear membrane
  • contains DNA

large oval body near centre the cell

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9
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • releases energy from glucose (cellular respiration)

glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + H2O + energy

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10
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
  • passageway for material moving through the cell

two types: rough ER and smooth ER

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11
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • helps to make proteins

tiny spherical bodies found in cytoplasms

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12
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • packages protein and waste for transport out of cell

- surrounds protein w/ bag called vesicle

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13
Q

what are lysosomes?

A
  • used in digestion

small spherical structures

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14
Q

what is the vacuole (animal)?

A
  • stores food (plants have larger vacuoles)

clear fluid sacs

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15
Q

Only animal cells have this…

A

centrioles (organelles)

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16
Q

what is the cell wall (plant)?

A
  • gives plant cells structure to stand up

made up of cellulose (hard exterior)

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17
Q

what is the large vacuole (plant)?

A
  • stores large quantities of water

- gives more shape to cell

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18
Q

what are chloroplasts (chlorophyll)?

A
  • traps energy from the sun to make glucose in photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2

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19
Q

which type of cell doesn’t have a nucleus?

A

prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

how many cells die every hour?

A

one billion

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21
Q

what are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • interphase
  • mitosis (cell division)
  • cytokinesis
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22
Q

what are chromosomes?

A
  • found in every cell
  • long piece of coiled DNA and proteins
  • humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
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23
Q

what is the relaxed/uncoiled form of chromosomes called?

A

chromatin

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24
Q

what is the condensed form of chromosomes called?

A

chromosome

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25
Q

what is the single strand of chromosomes called?

A

chromatid

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26
Q

describe interphase

A
  • cell spends 90% of its time in this phase

- the cell takes in nutrients, grows, and replicates DNA

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27
Q

what are the phases of mitosis?

A

PMAT

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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28
Q

what is prophase?

A
  • chromatin condenses to become chromosomes

- nuclear envelope disintegrates

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29
Q

what is metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes move to the middle of cell

- nuclear membrane is completely dissolved

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30
Q

what is anaphase?

A
  • chromatids separate

- pulled to opposite side of the cell

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31
Q

what is telophase?

A
  • new membrane begins to form around the nucleus at each end of the cell
  • cell splits into two new daughter cells by pinching inward
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32
Q

what happens when mitosis goes wrong?

A

you get cancer

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33
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides

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34
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A
  • multicellular organisms

- involves half a cell from each parent

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35
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A
  • single cell organisms
  • involves one parent
  • offspring are exact genetic copies of parent
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36
Q

how is a tumour formed?

A

instead of the cell dying, it divides repetitively and excessively forming a clump of cells called a tumour

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37
Q

what’s difference between cancer and a tumour?

A
  • cancer is a disease that eventually disrupts the body functions
  • a tumour is a mass of cells w/ no apparent function in the body
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38
Q

what is cancer?

A

it’s the uncontrolled division and spread of abnormal cells.

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39
Q

what is a benign tumour?

A

(non-cancerous) harmless tumours that do not spread

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40
Q

what is a malignant tumour?

A

harmful tumours that have the potential to spread through the body

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41
Q

what is a metastatic tumour?

A

tumours that have traveled and grown in other areas

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42
Q

what is carcinoma?

A
  • forms in the skin/tissue

- affects the body’s internal organs (liver, kidneys)

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43
Q

what is sarcoma?

A
  • most difficult to cure

- affects the connective tissue in the body (blood, nerves, bones, muscles)

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44
Q

why are older people more prone to getting cancer?

A
  • because the immune system of older people is not as effective in distinguishing normal cells from cancer cells
  • cancer develops after multiple mutations have occurred
  • because older people have been exposed to more carcinogens
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45
Q

how does cancer arise?

A

from the accumulation of genetic changes/mutations

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46
Q

how many genes are involved in most cancers?

A

minimum of 6-9 genes

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47
Q

people can be susceptible to cancer based on what?

A

their genetic makeup

but cancer isn’t is directly passed from parent to child

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48
Q

what do malignant cells enter?

A

blood, lymph or tissue.

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49
Q

what are the types of cancer treatments?

A
  • radiation: high energy rays to kill cancer cells
  • chemotherapy: uses cytotoxic drugs to prevent rapidly dividing cells
  • surgery: physically removes cancer cells
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50
Q

how do we have so many different types of cells?

A

stem cells

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51
Q

what is cell specialization?

A

occurs when different chemicals stimulate stem cells, which causes them to differentiate into different cells

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52
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • carries O2 and nutrients to body

- groove in centre binds O2

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53
Q

what are white blood cells?

A
  • attack/remove unwanted cells (viruses, cancer)
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54
Q

what are platelets?

A
  • stops blood loss by forming plugs in holes of blood vessels
  • arm-like structures that help them attach to one another
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55
Q

what is skin?

A
  • covers the outside of the body to protect inside cells and reduce water loss
  • can be greatly modified throughout the body
56
Q

what is bone?

A
  • collects calcium from food and allows the growth/repair of bones
57
Q

what is muscle?

A
  • arranged in bundles called muscle fibres
  • different kinds of muscle cells are found in the body

muscles contract which makes the fibres shorter and causes bones to move

58
Q

what is fat?

A
  • contains large vacuoles in which to store fat molecules

- this is how chemical energy is stored

59
Q

what are nerves?

A
  • long thin cells with many branches

- conduct electrical impulses to coordinate body activity

60
Q

what is hair?

A
  • receptor cells that are sensitive to air waves which lets us hear
  • finite number of cells
  • found inner ear (canal)
61
Q

what is sperm?

A
  • able to independently

- carrying DNA from the male parent to join with an egg cell from the female parent

62
Q

whats the level organization order?

A
  • cells
  • tissue
  • organs
  • organ system
  • organism
63
Q

what is the main function of the nervous system?

A

it senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses

64
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

65
Q

what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by to protect it?

A

brain - skull

spinal cord - spine guards

66
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

fatty material that acts like insulation on an electrical wire

67
Q

what are sensory receptors?

A
  • special cells/tissues that receive input from our external environment
  • sends signals along peripheral nerves to central nervous system
68
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

movement of muscles in the esophagus and small intestine that moves the food

69
Q

what type of tissue is the digestive tract made of?

A

epithelial tissue

70
Q

what do the goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

71
Q

what does mucus do?

A
  • protects the digestive tube from enzymes

- allows material to pass smoothly through the digestive tube

72
Q

what is the nasal cavity?

A

filters, warms, and moistens air

73
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

back of throat that acts like fork in the road to proceed to the esophagus or trachea

74
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

valve that doesn’t allow food to enter the trachea

75
Q

what is the larynx?

A

vocal cords, also called the voice box and Adams apple

76
Q

what is the trachea?

A

takes air into the lungs

77
Q

what is the bronchus?

A

moves air from the trachea to the lung

78
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

tiny branches of the bronchus

79
Q

what is the alveoli?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange

80
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A
  • contracts and moves down when inhaling

- relaxes and moves up when exhaling

81
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the body

82
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

83
Q

what does the inferior vena cava do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the body

84
Q

what does the left atrium do?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs

85
Q

how is the trachea supported?

A

by cartilage called tracheal rings

86
Q

what are arteries?

A

thick walled tubes that transport oxygenated blood to the body (away from the heart)

87
Q

what are veins?

A

thinner walled tubes that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart (towards the heart)

88
Q

what are capillaries?

A

small thin walled blood vessels that allow substances to pass in and out of the circulatory system

89
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
90
Q

what are the parts of the blood?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
91
Q

what happens when you get a heart attack?

A

muscles in your heart don’t get enough oxygen

92
Q

what are the three main components of the circulatory system?

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • veins
93
Q

what is plasma?

A

carries blood cells around the body

94
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue?

A
  • bones
  • ligament
  • cartilage
95
Q

what are muscles made of?

A

hundreds of muscles fibres

96
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
97
Q

describe skeletal muscles

A
  • voluntary muscles that move bones

- attached to tendons which are attached bones

98
Q

describe cardiac muscles

A
  • involuntary muscle that makes up the heart

- muscles in heart contract to pump blood

99
Q

describe smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary muscles that make up the intestines, eyelids, and diaphragm
100
Q

what is gas exchange?

A
  • oxygen enters blood stream in the lungs by diffusion

- CO2 leaves the blood on the same way

101
Q

what is the alveolus?

A
  • tiny sac of air in the lugs that is surrounded by capillaries
  • where gas exchange takes place between air and blood
102
Q

how to plants create their own food?

A

photosynthesis

103
Q

what are the 2 main body systems plants have?

A
  • root system

- shoot system

104
Q

for the root system, the plant consist of organs that grow where?

A

below the ground

105
Q

what is the root system responsible for?

A
  • anchoring plants to the ground
  • absorption of water and minerals from the soil
  • storage of food (not vegetables)
106
Q

for the shoot system, the plant consists of organs that grow where?

A

above the ground

107
Q

what is the shoot system responsible for?

A
  • photosynthesis

- flower reproduction for reproductive purpose

108
Q

what are the three parts the shoot system is composed of?

A
  • leaf
  • flower
  • stem
109
Q

what are some functions of the leaves?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • reproduction and attraction
110
Q

what are the main functions of the stem?

A
  • support the branches, leaves, flowers
  • provides a way to transport materials
  • some stems are specialized for storage of glucose
111
Q

what are the three types of plant tissues?

A
  • dermal tissue
  • vascular tissue
  • ground tissue
112
Q

dermal tissue includes what type of tissue?

A
  • epidermal

- periderm

113
Q

what is epidermal tissue?

A

thin layer of cells that cover the surface of leaves, stems, and roots

114
Q

what helps protect the plant from water loss?

A

the waxy cuticle

115
Q

what is vascular tissue?

A

transports water, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the plant

116
Q

what are the 2 types of vascular tissue?

A
  • xylem

- phloem

117
Q

what is xylem?

A
  • elongated cells that, once matured, are hollow tubes
  • transport water from the roots to leaves
  • no longer living tissue when matured
118
Q

what is phloem?

A
  • transports sugars

- living tissue

119
Q

what are the 2 ways vascular tissue is arranged?

A
  • monocot (arranged randomly)

- dicot (arranged in a ring)

120
Q

what is ground tissue?

A

composed of all tissue in between dermal and vascular tissue

121
Q

what does ground tissue in roots do?

A

storage of carbs

122
Q

what does ground tissue in stems do?

A

provides storage + support

123
Q

what does ground tissue in leaves do?

A

performs photosynthesis

124
Q

what are melismatic cells?

A
  • like stem cells but in plants
  • have ability to differentiate into specialized tissues
  • will continue to divide throughout plant life
125
Q

where are melismatic cells?

A
  • apical meristem tissue

- lateral meristem tissue

126
Q

where is apical meristem tissue located?

A
  • tip of the roots + shoots

- allows plant to grow taller

127
Q

what is the 3 step process appeal meristem cells go through?

A
  • cell division
  • elongation
  • maturation
128
Q

where is lateral meristem tissue located?

A

stem + roots

allows plant to grow wider

129
Q

what are the 2 rings made up of lateral meristem tissue that run the length of roots and shoots?

A
  • cork (outer ring)

- xylem/phloem (inner ring tells us how old a tree is)

130
Q

what are guard cells?

A

create openings in the cuticle which allow gases to enter leaf (openings are called stomata)

131
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A

absorbs water and vitamin k

132
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

produces enzymes that break down nutrients

133
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

tiny blood vessels transport absorbed nutrients

134
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

produce HCL

135
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

produce pepsin which breaks down proteins

Science - Grade 10 (4 decks)

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