Biology Flashcards
Structure of neuron?
Electrons pass along the axon
Branched endings called dendrites connect to other Neurons
Terminal exon sends our impulse
State the order in structure of a neuron in the direction of impulse
Receptor cells Dendrite Cell body Axon Axon terminal
Sensory neuron
Long dendrite from receptor cells to cell body
Short axon from cell body to cns
Relay neuron
Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory to cell body
Many short axons to carry nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurons
Motor neurons
Many short dendrites carry impulses from cns to cell body
One long axon from cell bodybto effector cells
The function of amylase and where it is made
Starch—
Function of protease and where it is made?
Protein—
Function of lipase and where it is made?
Lipids—
The functions of \_\_\_\_ in digestion? Salivary glands Stomach Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum
Produce amylase in the saliva
Pummels food with muscular walls, produces protease, produces HCl to kill bacteria and give optimum pH for protease
Produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat
Bile is stored here and released into small intestine
Produces protease, lipsse and amylase release into small intestine
Glands in wall produce protease, amylase and lipase and good is absorbed into blood
Water is absorbed leaving faeces
Faeces is stored before edgested through anus
What conditions can form due to too much blood clotting?
Strokes and deep vein thrombosis?
What can be done to treat those at risk of blood clots?
Warafin, heparin and aspirin
What blood types can be given to:
A
B
AB
O
A+O
B+O
Anyone
Only O
Sensory neuron
Carryinpulse fromreceptor cells to cns
One long dendrite that picks up impulses from receptor cells
One short axon to carry impulses to the cns
Relay neuron
Carry impulses from sensory to motor neuron
Many short dendrites pick up from sensory
Many short axons can to motor
Motor neuron?
Carry impulse from cns to muscle/gland
Many short dendrites from cns
Onelong axon to muscle/gland
Describe how a synapse works
Electrical impulse meets end of neuron triggering a release of transmitter chemicals into synapse
Chemicals diffuse across and bind to receptor molecules on membrane of next neuron specific
Trigger new electrical impulse
Drugs that effect synapses?
Ecstasy (blocks where seratonin is removed)
Beta blockers
Prozac
Differeces between nerves and hornmones
Nerves
Fast acting
Act for a short time
Precise area
Hornmones
Slower action
Actfor long time
General area
Three things involved in negative feedback
Receptors
Processing centre
Effector
Too hot/cold?
Hairs flat/up
Sweat
Blood vessels
Muscles?
What does insulin do?
Produced by pancreas when high blood glucose
Glucose converted to glycogen and stored in liver
What hornmone controls urine concentration?
ADH
What surpressesADH?
Alcohol
What increases ADH?
Ecstasy
Difference between parasitic and mutualistic?
Mutualistic give something back to the host
What is nitrogen fixation?
Turning N2 in the air into nitrogen compounds in the soil
By lightening (enough energy to make nitrogen react with oxygen)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria (soil or nodules of legume roots)
What is decomposition?
Bacteria and fungi break down dead plants and animals turning proteins and urea into ammonium compounds
What is nitrification?
Ammonium compounds produced by decomposes can’t be used by plants so nitrifying bacteria change into nitrites
Other nitrifying bacteria turn into nitrates
What is denitrification?
Nitrates in the soil diverted into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria - they use nitrates in the soil for respiration and produce nitrogen gas
Occurs under anaerobic conditions
How can you make a transgenic organism?
Identify a gene you want to transfer
Cut out from dna with restriction enzymes
Plasmid prepared for dna insertion
Restriction enzyme cure open plasmid
Gene inserted into plasmid and liger joins together
Plasma (vector) introduced into dna of cell
How can a transgenic organism be tested for containing the new gene?
By saying techniques
