Biology Flashcards
Transcription occurs in the…
Nucleus
Translation occurs in the…
Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus or golgi complex deals with what function?
Package, sort, and secreting proteins (most importantly…hormones)
Where does the TCA cycle occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the…
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Where does ETC pump protons?
Intermembrane space
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cell cytoplasm
Dumb King Phillip Calls Oprah For Good Sex
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Strep
Bacterial growth in chains
Coccus
Spherical
Staph
Growth in clusters
Bacillus
Growth in rod like structures
Spirilla
Growth in spirals
Epiglottis function
Closes trachea when swallowing
Anterior pituitary hormones
FLAT + Prolactin + HGH
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Posterior Pituitary hormones
ADH (Vasopressin) + oxytocin
Connective tissues
Bones, blood, adipose or fat, and cartilage
Calcitonin stimulates…
Osteoblast activity
- wants to lower blood calcium, therefore stimulates bone build up
Subcutaneous layer
Conserves heat and acts as shock absorber
Ectoderm develops
Epidermis (outer layer) of skin, hair, nails, nervous system, lens of eye, enamel of teeth
Mesoderm develops
Dermis of skin, muscle, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidneys, respiratory tracts, notochord
Endoderm develops
Lining of digestive and layer of respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas
Blastula
Hollow sphere of cells
Morula
Solid ball of cells
Gastrula
3 layered blastula
Translocation occurs during which phase of translation?
Elongation
Pleitropy
One gene has multiple phenotypic outcomes (Ex. Sickle Cell disease)
A bacteria cell is _______ to the surrounding water
Hyperosmotic
Resulting in a lyses when cell wall is broken down
Products of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
O2, NADPH, and ATP
Products of light independent rxns of photosynthesis
Glucose (C6H12O6), NADP+, ADP
Tight junctions
Most commonly in digestive sys. - prevent passage of materials
Desmosomes
Anchoring junction that provide mech. stability.
Often seen in animal skin cells
Gap junctions
Narrow protein channels between animal cells (allow exchange of ions, but no cytoplasm)
Used in cell to cell communication
Plasmodesmata
Narrow protein channels between plant cells
Lysosomes
Break down polypeptides into amino acids
Digest material in the cell
Evolution of fish (earliest -> latest)
Jawless fish - cartilaginous fish - lobe finned fish
Pistil
Ovary, style, stamen (female reproductive)
Stamen
Pollen, anther, filament (male reproductive)
Lacteals
Absorb fat in villi of small intestine
Bile
Emulsify fats in small intestine
Diastole phase is associated with…
Closing of semilunar valves
Cholecystokinin is released due to presence of…
Fats
Placenta = …
Chorion and endometrium
Used for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste
Ligand
Reanneals DNA strands
Helicase
Unzips DNA at replication fork
Primase
RNA primers that duplicate lagging strand for extension of DNA
creates Okazaki fragments
Hardy Weinberg requirements
“Large Random MNM”
Large pop Random mating No migration No natural selection No mutation
Freshwater fish
Live in hypoosmotic environment
Intakes lots of water
Seldomly drinks
Dilute urine
Saltwater fish
Hyperosmotic environment
Constant drinking
Excrete salt across gills
Microfilaments are made of
Actin
Purpose of AV node
Prevents atria and ventricles from contracting at the same time
Blood pressure is lowest in the…
Veins
A promoter region contains…
High conserved sequence called the TATA box
What is the cortical reaction
Slow block of polyspermy after sperm fuses with egg
Mendels law of segregation
A pair of alleles will separate to individual gametes
Acetylation
Increased expression of gene
Methylation
Decreases expression of gene
Acrosome
Enzyme that facilitates penetration of sperm into egg (animal cell)
Cortical reaction
Hardens the plasma membrane to prevent further sperm penetration (slow block I believe)
Epididymis
Final maturation and storage for sperm
Alpha cells
Secrete glucagon; which target the liver to release glucose from glycogen
Beta cells
Secrete insulin; released when blood glucose is high and uptakes and converts glucose to glycogen stored in liver
Porifera
Sponges
Rotifera
Rotifers
Cnidaria
Hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals
Annelida
Segmented worms (leeches, earthworms, polychaete worms)
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms (planarians and tapeworms)
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are…
Antigen receptors attached to B cells
B cells…
Lymphocytes that Mature and originate in bone marrow
T cells…
Lymphocytes that originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus
In muscle movement, which muscle group produces most of the force required to move?
Agonist
Muscle group that prevents excessive movement and injury
Antagonist
Altruism
Non selfish behavior in animals
Calvin cycle takes place in the…
Stroma
Which organelle carries out lipid synthesis?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Homologous chromosomes are also called…
Autosomes
What is it called when cells divide roughly 70 times before they die?
Senescence
Progenitor cells are…
Unipotent…give rise to a single type of body cell
Prokaryotic cells
- No nucleus
- Single chromosome of short, circular DNA
Topoisomerase…
Enzyme that untangles and prevent tangling when helicase unwinds DNA
Epinephrine and norepinephrine is produced mainly by…
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex produces…
Corticosteroids = glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Ligaments…
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Test cross
Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive
Which hormone is responsible for fruit ripening?
Ethylene
Analogous structures
Structures perform same function but different ancestral origin
Homologous structures
Similar structures that may or may not perform same function, but come from a common ancestor
Classical conditioning
Conditioning of an involuntary behavior
Physiologically neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit a natural reflex
Operant conditioning
Animal associated it’s behavior with reward or punishment
Fungus suffix
Mycota or mycete
Also lichen!
