biology Flashcards
What is a balanced diet?
Diet containing the right balance of foods and amount of energy
What are carbohydrates and fats used for?
Energy
What are proteins used for?
Build cells
What are mineral ions and vitamins needed for?
Healthy functioning of the body
When is a person malnourished?
When they do not have a balanced diet
Unbalanced diets may lead to what?
Over / under weight deficiency diseases, type 2 diabetes
How does exercise help to lose weight?
Increase the amount of energy expended
What is metabolic rate?
Rate at which all chemical reactions in the cells take place
What affects metabolic rate?
Amount of activity, proportion of muscle to fat ratio
Cholesterol levels are affected by diet and what else?
Inherited factors
What are micro-organisms that cause disease?
Pathogens
How do pathogens harm you?
Produce poisons and viruses damage cells when they reproduce
Name 3 ways white blood cells work?
Ingest, produce anti-toxins, produce anti-bodies
What did Semmelwiess recognise?
Importance of hand washing in spreading disease
What relieves symptoms but doesn’t affect the pathogen?
Pain killers
What can kill infectious diseases inside the body?
Antibiotics
Overuse of antibiotics has caused what?
Antibiotic resistance
MRSA is an antibiotic resistance bacteria how did it evolve?
Mutation produces resistant strain, theses survive and reproduce
What is a vaccinaton?
Dead or inactive form of the pathogen
What do vaccines do in the body?
Stimulate the white blood cells to reproduce antibodies
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
How are micro-organisms grown in the lab?
Culture medium, petri dish, sterile inoculating loop
What safety precaution do you need to take?
Secure the lid, only heat to 25C
What detects the stimulus?
Receptor cells
What are the receptors in the ear sensitive to?
Sound, balance
What are receptors in the eyes sensitive to?
Light
What are receptors in the nose and tongue sensitive to?
Chemicals
What are receptors in the skin sensitive to?
Touch, pressure, pain, temperature
What organelles do light receptors have?
Nucleas, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What type of reactions are automatic and rapid?
Reflex actions
What is a synapse?
Gap between neurones where a chemical is passed
What is an effector?
Muscle or gland
List the components of the simple reflex action!
Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory neurone, Relay neurone, Motor neurone, Effector, Response
What internal conditions are maintained?
Water, ions, temperature, sugar levels
Why is temperature maintained?
Enzymes to work best
How are hormones transported?
Through the bloodstream
What three hormones control the menstrual cycle?
FSH, LH, Oestrogen
What hormone is released in the ovaries and inhibits FSH?
Oestrogen
What does FSH do and where is it released from?
Causes the egg to mature
What hormones are found in the pill?
Oestrogen and Progesterone
What are plant hormones called?
Auxins
What do plants respond to and what is it called?
Light (phototropism), Gravity (gravitropism)
What do we use plant hormones for?
Weed killers, rooting hormones
What is a drug?
Something that changes the chemical process in the body
What is a double blind trial?
Doctor and patient don’t know who has received the placebo
What was thalidomide used for?
Originally it was used as a sleeping pill, but then for bad morning sickness
Why was it banned?
Children born with deformed limbs
Name a legal recreational drug?
Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol
Name an illegal drug?
Cannabis, herion, ecstasy
What do anabolic steroids do?
Increase muscle mass
