Biology 5 9A Genetics and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Give an adaptation of an egg cell

A

It’s jelly coat only allows a single sperm cell to enter.

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2
Q

Give an adaptation of a sperm cell

A

Has a long tail to make it travel faster or has a streamlined shape

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3
Q

Name one recessive allel

A

Blue eyes, green eyes, blonde hair, or ginger hair

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4
Q

Explain the purpose of a punnett square

A

To find the probability of a certain characteristic getting passed on to the off-spring

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5
Q

Name an example of an environment characteristic

A

Skin colour (tan), length of hair, or accents

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6
Q

Define genetic information

A

The instructions, carried by the genes, that control you characteristics

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7
Q

Define characteristics

A

The features of an organism

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8
Q

Explain the role of a male gamete

A

To fuse two of the nuclei and fertilise the egg cell

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9
Q

Define cell division

A

When a cell grows in size and splits into two. Cells increase their numbers using cell division.

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10
Q

What is formed when a fertilised egg goes through cell division?

A

It forms an embryo

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11
Q

What is the difference between inherited and environmental characteristics?

A

The inherited characteristics are passed on from parents and the environment controls the environmental characteristics.

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12
Q

What would be the probability for a child of a parent with blue eyes and a parent with brown eyes and a recessive allel for blue eyes, be to get blue eyes?

A

50% for blue eyes

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13
Q

Define genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype: The genes that determine what the phenotype of an organism will be. Phenotype: The physical characteristics of an organism

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14
Q

Why does a person have brown eyes if they also carry an allel for blue eyes?

A

Because brown eyes are a dominant allel so the blue eyes will not have an effect as they are a recessive allel.

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15
Q

Define homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homozygous: When both of the genes are the same type. Heterozygous: When the genes are different from each other.

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16
Q

If a person has blue eyes what type of genes would they have? Heterozygous or Homozygous?

A

Homozygous because blue eyes are a recessive allel and show only when the genes are both the same.

17
Q

Give the four steps of Selective Breeding

A

Firstly, the characteristics which are important are decided. Then the parents that show these characteristics are chosen. Next the best off-spring from the parents are selected to breed with the next generation. Finally the process is continuously repeated.

18
Q

Define natural selection

A

A process founded by Charles Darwin which states that over a long period of time when species evolved, the fittest survive while the weakest eventually died off.

19
Q

What are some desirable characteristics in animals?

A

Gentle, produce a lot of food, immune to certain diseases, etc.

20
Q

Describe the process of cloning mammals.

A

The nucleus of an egg cell is fused with a cell of the mammal getting cloned and then cell division happens forming an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into the mammal that the nucleus came from.

21
Q

Give an argument for and against genetic modifications.

A

There is too little information about the long-term effects of altering DNA(Against). It offers the prospect of cures for currently incurable disease(For). Etc.

22
Q

Name some enviormental factors that might effect characteristics.

A

The climate of the environment, the proteins and vitamins that can be provided in that environment, the people in that environment, etc.