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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Three levels of consumers

Producers are…

A

Primary: herbivores
Secondary: carnivores
Tetiery: omnivores

serve as source of food for food chain

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2
Q

Why do we need to save biodiversity?

A

Ecosystems serve humans because they provide natural functions such as microbes vital to break down recycle

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3
Q

Importance of renewable energy

A

Create job, abundant, easy, environment friendly

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4
Q

Biodiversity:

A

The variety of life in a habitat

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5
Q

Eutrophication:

A

Depletion of oxygen in the water due to enrichment of minerals in water
Stimulate growth in aquatic life

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6
Q

Pollution:

A

Disruption of natural world by chemicals or agents

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7
Q

Carbon cycle:

Important because of living organisms composed of compounds of it

A

Carbon dioxide used for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygen released into atmosphere
Carbon and oxygen atoms in glucose are CONVERTED INTO COMPOUNDS FOR CELLULAR REACTION in living organisms
On death, compound recycled by DECOMPOSERS

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8
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Proteins to use nitrogen to form cell membranes
Vital for dna
1/ nitrogen in soil
2/ nitrogen compound in food Cain
3/ after death, decomposed return nitrogen into soil

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9
Q

Agal blooms

A

Fertilisers harm environment
Rain wash fertiliser in lake
Algae grows excessively.
Algae die, decomposition of bodies use up all oxygen and aquatic life suffocate and die

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10
Q

Greenhouse effect

A 
Permafrost
Sea level
Sea ice
Ocean acidification
Changed biodiversity 
CFCs & Ozone layer
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11
Q

Cell theory

A

1/ all cells are made from prehistoric cells
2/ all living things are made of cells
3/ cell basic unit of life

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12
Q

Define disease:

A

A disorder of function of living body that affects specific area of body

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13
Q

First line defence

A 
Specific
Skin, hairs
Salt
Blood clot
Cilia expel caught microorganism
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14
Q

2nd line of defence

A

Non specific
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Skin swelling from phagocytes leaving capillaries and into infected tissue
Inflammation makes blood vessels large so more phagocytes can remove foreign bacteria

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15
Q

3rd line of defence:

A

Specific
Pathogens carry foreign chemical called ANTIGEN
lymphocytes carry specific chemical fit specific antibody & B cells
B cells memorise virus

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16
Q

Neurone cell

A 
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Synaptic bulbs
Nucleus

Receptor cells
Neurotransmitter chemicals

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17
Q

Allele:

A

alternating form of gene

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18
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of organisms

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19
Q

Carrier

A

Organisms carrying a recessive allele

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20
Q

Diploid:

A

Cells consisting of two sets of chromosomes

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21
Q

Dna

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Found in nucleus

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22
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in organism which lead to new species

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23
Q

Gene

A

Molecular unit of heredity

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24
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic info processed by organism

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25
Heterozygous: individuals with different alleles Homozygous...
Individuals that inherit identical genes
26
Genotype:
term referring to genetic composition of the organism for a trait
27
Phenotype:
Characteristic shown by organism
28
46 chromosomes Genes: components that determine physical traits Human genome project:
1990 | Identify all genes in the human genome
29
Watson and crick dna Composed of nucleotides 3 types of nucleotides:
Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar molecule Nitrogen base
30
4 types of nitrogen base:
1/ cytosine 2/ thymine 3/ guanine 4/ adenine C-g and a-t
31
Dna replication:
1/ Nitrogen bases split at one end 2/ new nucleotides are replaced 3/ 2 new double helix are formed
32
Dna mutation cuases :
1/ availability of food and water 2/ exposure to radioactive chemicals 3/ sunlight survive in equataboirial latitude
33
Decomposition:
Breakdown of substance into simpler things
34
Corrosion :"
Metal gets eaten away with chemical reaction
35
Reactants:
Chemicals that reacted together
36
Products
Resulted new chemicals of atom reactant
37
Molecule
2 or more atoms joined chemically
38
Physical change:
Rearranged molecules but doesn't affect internal structure
39
Chemical change:
Formation of new chemical substances
40
Greenhouse affect:
When the subs energy reaches our atmosphere where some is reflected back but some is absorbed
41
Atomic theory:
1/ all matter is made of atoms 2/ cannot be destroyed or created 3/ atoms of one element are exactly alike
42
Ions
Charged atoms
43
Cations
Positively charged ion formed when non metal gains one valence electron
44
Anions
Negative ion formed when non metal gains one electron
45
Ionic bond:
Attraction between oppositely charged atoms
46
Brain function | Spine
Structure and access path to nervous system
47
Cerebrum:
Voluntary muscles: thought and action perceiving planning undertaking
48
Brain stem
``` Involuntary actions: Heartbeat Breathing Reflex action Swallowing Consciousness ```
49
Cerebellum
Balance coordination
50
Pituitary gland
Controls growth
51
Resistance =
V = I x R
52
Subclass of cytokenis
Interferons
53
Antigen binding site...
Variable region Antigen Constant region
54
Vaccine
Injection that contains weakened or dead pathogens to prepare body for an actual infection
55
Nervous system consists of: | CNS and PNS:
Central nervous system and PERIPHERAL nervous system
56
CNS is made of
Brain and spine
57
PNS consist of
Nerves and sensory receptors
58
Messages are passed through the body through neutrons
Synapses release neurotransmitters
59
Hormone are
Chemical messages released by glands. Specific target cells only respond to specific hormone
60
Pituitary gland control
Activity of other glands- growth hormones
61
Adrenal gland
Adrenaline prepares the body for sudden action fast heart beat increase sugar and breath
62
Pancreas
Insulin to lower glucose
63
Reflex
Stimulus-receptor-CNS-effector-response
64
Flight or fight reaction
When your body is under stress, nervous system makes a rapid response to bring a quick reaction, endocrine releases adrenaline, pupils dilate, heart faster, breath faster,
65
Total internal reflection
Light in dense medium to less dense medium

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