BIOLOGY Flashcards
TROPIC HORMONES
Tropic Hormones: target other endocrine glands where 2ndary hormones are secreted to regulate bodily functions. i.e. Adrenocorticotropic hormones sim. adrenal cortex secretes steroids, & thyroid stimulating hormones sim thyroid gland produce/secrete triiodothyronine, thyroxine, & calcitonin via neg. feedback
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
diversely adapted from common ancestor in same geographical isolation
ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION
adaptation on basis of location & activity : evolving of a new species via genetic isolation from same location.
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
Isolation via geographical barrier
MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIATION
SEPARATION ON BASIS OF PHYSICAL MEASURES AND OUTWARD FEATURES
COENOCYTIC HYPHA
multinucleate cytoplasm of fungi: ongoing division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division
INDUCTION during embryology
influence of organizers targeting specific genes to turn on and differentiate into certain cell types.
UREA
final waste product of deamination in liver prior to excretion
ELONGATION SEQUENCE OF TRANSLATION
Codon Recognition -> peptide bond formation -> translocation
MAXIMUM # CHROMOSOME COMBINATIONS AMONG GAMETES OF A DIPLOID ORGANISM (2n=10)
2n= 10 (diploid) , n=5 (haploid) 2^n = 2^5 = 32
What physiologic event happens when both estrogen and progesterone levels remain high for prolonged 3 months?
Ovulation will be unlikely via NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INHIBITION on the release of luteinizing hormones by anterior pituitary. Estr.+Progestrn usually sustained by HCGs during 1st trimester of pregnancy. needed to maintain & strengthen uterine walls. Menstrual cycle ceases during this time.
Which statement regarding kidney physiology is false? a) Decreased rate of filtration occurs with vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles b) Blood flow is decreased with afferent arteriole vasoconstriction c) An increased rate of filtration occurs with vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles d) Sympathetic innervations primarilly affects afferent arterioles and decreases volume of urine flow e) all true
e) ALL TRUE blood enters glomerulus via AFFERENT arteriole and leaves via EFFERENT arteriole. if EFFERENT (leaving) arteriole constricted, blood can’t flow and increases glomerular pressure and filtration rate rises. if AFFERENT (entering) arteriole constricted, blood flow diminished, filtration decreases and reduced urine output.
Which molecules exert action within target cell by only interacting with cell-surface receptors? a) estrogen b) testoterone c) progesterone d) insulin e) more than one
d) INSULIN Insulin binds to cell-surface receptor while steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone and progesterone bind to nuclear receptors.
Which is unique to angiosperms? a) secondary growth b) Double pollination c) double fertilization d) alternation of generations e) cross pollination
c) Double fertilization Angiosperms can double fertilize the egg nucleus AND the central nucleus.
Which process is common to both aerobic and anaerobic organisms? a) Krebs cycle b) Fermentation C) Glycolysis d) Electron Transport Chain e) All
c) Glycolysis Glycolysis happens in ALL LIVING CELLS
Identical twins made possible due to: a) Determine cleavage b) indeterminate cleavage c) mutations d) nondisjunction e) spiral cleavage
b) indeterminate cleavage
Which vessel carries blood away from liver and toward heart? a) Hepatic artery b) Hepatic vein c) Aorta d) Inferior vena cava e) none
b
PT is examined for liver disease and has jaundice, yellowing of skin color. What may be the cause? a) excess bilease b) excess bilirubin c) excess glucagon d) excess trypsin e) Deficiency in albumin
b
Which is FALSE? a) six turns of Calvin cycle produce glucose in photosynthesis b)The stoma of chloroplast contains Calvin cycle enzymes c) products of light reaction of photosynthesis: ATP, O2, NADPH d) chlorophylls & carotenoids are 2 pigments used in photosynthesis e) autotrophs are unable to make their own food (i.e. plants)
e
Which is/are TRUE? a) erythropoietin is a hormone released primarily from kidneys and stimulate red blood cell formation in bone marrow b) platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes develop from a common source (pluripotent stem cell) c) stroke is death of nervous tissue in brain d) thrombus is a blood clot that forms abnormally in a vessel e) all TRUE
ALL TRUE! a) erythropoietin is a hormone released primarily from kidneys and stimulate red blood cell formation in bone marrow b) platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes develop from a common source (pluripotent stem cell) c) stroke is death of nervous tissue in brain d) thrombus is a blood clot that forms abnormally in a vessel
Which is FALSE? a) In terms of cellular abundance: erythrocytes>leukocytes>platelets b) insured cell may release histamine to cause white blood cells to migrate out of blood capillaries c) cancerous cell MYELOMA may be cultured indefinitely d) lymphocyte may be fused with a MYELOMA cell to produce HYBRIDOMA e) all true
ALL TRUE! a) In terms of cellular abundance: erythrocytes>leukocytes>platelets b) insured cell may release histamine to cause white blood cells to migrate out of blood capillaries c) cancerous cell MYELOMA may be cultured indefinitely d) lymphocyte may be fused with a MYELOMA cell to produce HYBRIDOMA
Each gamete that is generated during meiosis a) Is diploid b) Are genetically identical c) Is haploid d) Has a full set of chromosomes
C Each gamete that is generated during meiosis is haploid. Meiosis creates sex cells, which contain half of the genetic material as the parent cell that they are derived from, which is the definition of haploid.
Plant cells contain centrosomes that are very similar to the ones found in animal cells, with the exception of -They lack chromosomes -They lack centrioles -They lack chromatin -They lack cytokinesis
THEY LACK CENTRIOLES Plant cells contain centrosomes that are very similar to the ones found in animal cells, with the exception of they lack centrioles. Plant cells have a similar region in them in comparison to centrioles which is referred to as the microtubule organizing region.
What is the name of the locations where crossing over occurs at:
Metaphase Plates
Tetrads
Bivalents
Kinetochores
Chiasmata
CHIASMATA
The name of the locations where crossing over occurs at are called Chiasmata. This is the location where genetic material is exchanged between chromatids.
The action of the fusing together of an egg and a sperm is referred to as:
Zygote
Fertilization SyngamY Two of the above
All of the above
2 of the above
The action of the fusing together of an egg and a sperm is referred to as fertilization, which is another word for syngamy. A zygote is the product of this action.
In which phase or period of the cell cycle is there rapid cell growth and preparation of the genetic material for cellular division
G2
G1
Meiosis
S
Mitosis
G2
The phase or period of the cell cycle that has rapid cell growth and preparation of the genetic material for cellular division is the G2 phase. There are three different phases of Interphase during the cell cycle: G1, S, and the G2 phase. All three of these phases involve cell growth and are different, but the key words “preparation of the genetic material for cellular division” are referencing the period just before mitosis, which is the G2 phase.
Another name for Microtubule Organizing Centers in animals is
Chromatin
Centrosomes
Centrioles
Chromatids
Chromosomes
Another name for Microtubule Organizing Centers in animals is centrosomes. Microtubules are produced within the centrosomes.
*Note, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles, but the MTOC refers to the centrosome system, not the centrioles. Individual centrioles may be isolated in the cytoplasm, in which case they are not referred to as a ‘centrosome’ until they organize into a pair of centrioles surrounded by a mass of protein (PCM). The MTOC (=centrosome) refers to a pair of centrioles + PCM.
A cell will seek division because
Its S/V ratio is high
Genome/Volume ratio is high
Its S/V ration is low
Genome/Volume ratio is low More than one of the above
2 of them
A cell will divide because its S/V ratio is low and also because it’s genome to volume ratio is low, thus the answer is more than one of the above. When the S/V ratio is low, then it becomes difficult for a cell to have efficient cellular exchange because of the large requirements of the volume. In a much similar fashion, when the genome to volume ratio is too low, there is not enough genetic material to keep up with the high demands of regulation in the cell. These are two common reasons as to why cells divide.
Looking at genetic material, you notice that there are 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, how many chromatids are present?
92
46
2
4
23
Looking at genetic material, if you notice that there are 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, then there would be 92 chromatids present. If there are 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, then there would be 46 chromosomes present and thus a total of 92 chromatids. When you have homologous pairs of chromosomes, this means that one is from the mother while the other is from the father for each pair.
Which hormone controls cellular metabolism?
calcitonin
melatonin
parathyroid hormone
thryoxine
thymosine
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine control cellular metabolism. Exessive amounts of these hormones result in hyperthyroidism and inadequate amonts lead to hypOthyroidism.
