Biology Flashcards
Where can ribosomes be found inside a cell?
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes can be found in two places: attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER) or free floating in the cytoplasm.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
To provide transportation of materials throughout the cell.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transport of materials throughout the cell. Intracellular digestion occurs within lysosomes, while food uptake is the job of vacuoles. Cellular respiration is the function of mitochondria.
What characteristic of water allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules?
Its polar nature.
Although all the other characteristics about water are true, water’s polar nature is what allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules.
Which of the following is the MOST inclusive in the hierarchic system of organization?
Kingdom.
The most inclusive classification is Kingdom, which includes all forms of life on earth. The most EXCLUSIVE would be Species. The mnemonic “King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti,” can be used to recall the order of the system from most inclusive to least inclusive.
In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S
The G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. S phase is when DNA is replicated. (G1 = growth phase, G2 = second growth phase and preparation for division). There is no such thing as the D1 phase.
Which of the following processes reduces cells originally classified as diploid to haploid?
Meiosis.
Meiosis is a process of cellular division where cells begin as diploid and end as haploid.
Which of the following is an example of a cell created by meiosis?
Sperm cell.
Sperm contain 23 chromosomes that are combined with another 23 from an egg to produce a diploid combination. Meiosis replicates sex, or sperm, cells and mitosis replicates somatic, or body, cells.
The Krebs cycle is a process described as:
the creation of GTP and NADH.
This description is the most correct. The Krebs cycle involves creating energy in the form of 2 GTPs (which convert to ATP) and NADH (and FAHD2 which donate the electrons to the ETC), not harvesting it, and it is not only used by plants. In addition, it is cyclical, not linear. ATP and Pyruvate are created by glycolysis.
Krebs cycle
involves creating energy in the form of 2 GTPs (which convert to ATP) and NADH (and FAHD2 which donate the electrons to the ETC), not harvesting it, and it is not only used by plants. In addition, it is cyclical, not linear
ATP and Pyruvate are created by glycolysis.
glycolysis
The plasma membranes of cells are composed of:
a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
Plasma membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
Which of the following activities does NOT lead to cellular energy production?
Gluconeogenesis.
Cellular respiration leads to glycolysis while Oxidative Phosphorylation (a type of cellular respiration), and both create energy by catabolism. Gluconeogenesis is the creation of sugar using energy.
Using garden peas, which of the following scientists discovered the basic principles of genetics?
Mendel.
Gregor Mendel discovered, through careful experimentation with garden peas, that there existed genetic properties to account for certain characteristics.
The alternative versions of a single gene are known as:
alleles.
Alleles are alternative versions of a single gene that codes for a certain trait.
What device makes it possible to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction?
Punnett square.
A Punnett square makes it possible to predict the genotype/phenotype by listing alleles and their various possible combinations and likelihoods.
The traits which an organism shows (as opposed to what its genes code for), is known by which of the following terms?
Phenotype.
The phenotype of an organism is a demonstration of the genes expressed, rather than what they actually code for (genotype). Phenotype can be remembered as the physical characteristics of an organism.
An organism that has a genotype of two dominant alleles for one gene is:
Homozygous.
When an organism possesses the same type of alleles for one gene, it is homozygous. The prefix homo- indicates same, and the prefix hetero- indicates different.
The method by which mRNA is created is begun by which of the following processes?
Transcription.
Transcription is the first step in the creation of mRNA from a strand of DNA.
Which scientists are responsible for describing the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick.
Francis Crick and James D. Watson are the scientists responsible for describing the double helix structure of DNA.
All genes can be described using the Punnett Square method. True or False?
False
False. There are many more complicated forms of genetic expression available than the simple genetics represented by the Punnett Square
The term pleiotropy is best defined as:
One gene influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
Pleiotropy describes conditions where one gene has multiple effects on phenotypic traits. The prefix pleio- means “many,” or “more,” and –tropy means “way.”
Which molecules are responsible for the base pairing action in DNA?
Nitrogenous bases.
Base pairs are formed by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases (ATGC) while the sugar and phosphate make up the ‘back bone’.
Glycolysis is the conversion of _______ to ______ in the process of cellular respiration.
Glucose, pyruvate.
Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate and is the first step in the process of cellular respiratio
The oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and water in cellular respiration takes place in a series of steps defined as:
Electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain oxidizes NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water.
For every glucose molecule utilized during cellular respiration, approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced?
32 to 36.
Cellular respiration can generate from 32 to 36 molecules of ATP for every single glucose molecule broken down. The number of ATP is described as a range because the reaction is not perfect and will sometimes yield more or less ATP.
Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis generally have a large number of which of the following cellular structures?
Ribosomes.
Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis. Therefore, cells with a high rate of protein synthesis tend to have a large number of ribosomes.
A scientist is proposing an experiment to study the effect of a certain chemical on rat brain development. The scientist believes that this chemical will enhance the rats’ brain development. Which of the following terms describes this step of the scientific process?
Hypothesis.
The scientist has formed a hypothesis, a statement of certain events or happenings, and is ready to conduct his experiment. Analysis is not a step in the scientific method
Which of the following is a correct description of the shape of frozen water molecules?
Lattice.
When frozen, water molecules form a lattice structure. This is the reason that ice appears to “expand” in comparison to water.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids do contain double bonds.
Diets that contain high amounts of saturated fatty acids are linked to what disease type?
Cardiovascular.
Diets containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids have been linked to cardiovascular problems. Cardiovascular refers to the heart and blood vessels.
Based on the inherent properties of water molecules, what effect would a large body of water have on the temperature of a climate?
Stabilize.
A large body of water will have a stabilizing effect on a climate due to its high specific heat property.
Which of the following descriptions relates to water’s property of cohesion?
Water beading together on top of a freshly waxed car.
Cohesion describes the tendency of molecules of the same substance to bond together, as is demonstrated in water beading. An ocean stabilizing local temperature refers to water’s high specific heat. Water dissolving salt to become saltwater refers to its potent solvent ability. The bottle of water that cracks after being left in the freezer is an example of the expansion of water during freezing due to its lattice structure
An ocean stabilizing local temperature refers to water’s
high specific heat
Water dissolving salt to become saltwater refers to its
potent solvent ability
The bottle of water that cracks after being left in the freezer is an example of the expansion of water during freezing due to its
lattice structure
In DNA, adenosine will only bond with which of the following base pairs?
Thymine.
(APPLE , TREE AND CAR, GARAGE) A & U = RNA
Adenosine will only bond with thymine, and guanine will only bond with cytosine.
Adenosine will bind to Uracil only in RNA. Cardiovascular refers to the heart and blood vessels. A useful mnemonic device for recalling not only the base pairings, but also whether the nucleotide is a purine or a pyrimidine is “GCAT PuPy PuPy” for DNA, and “GCAU PuPy PuPy” for RNA. This method links G to C, and A to T or U, while G and A are described as purines and C, T, and U are described as pyrimidines.
Adenosine will bind to Uracil only
RNA
A pea plant has alleles for the dominant tall gene (T) and the recessive short gene (t). Therefore, it appears as Tt. Which of the following will correctly describe its phenotype if there is complete dominance? And which describes incomplete dominance? (complete, incomplete)
Tall, Average
Because the dominant allele is present, this pea plant will be tall despite its recessive gene in complete dominance. In Incomplete dominance however, the gene must be homozygous to show one trait. Otherwise the phenotype will be a mixture of the two alleles.
What is the function of tRNA during DNA transcription?
tRNA brings the amino acids to the site of synthesis.
tRNA brings the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes bond together amino acids and then release them to create an elongated chain of amino acids. tRNA contains anticodons, not codons, and mRNA is the new piece of DNA produced.
The liver is an organ responsible for detoxifying the body of many harmful substances. Therefore, you might expect the liver to contain a high amount of:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a large function in detoxifying and metabolizing many molecules
The liver is an organ responsible for detoxifying the body of many harmful substances. Therefore, you might expect the liver to contain a high amount of:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a large function in detoxifying and metabolizing many molecules.
has a large function in detoxifying and metabolizing many molecules.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It is known that the gene that codes for male pattern baldness depends on the gene for red hair. This type of interaction between alleles is known as:
Epistasis.
Epistasis is the interaction between two alleles which have different effects in combination than individually
the interaction between two alleles which have different effects in combination than individually.
Epistasis
What is the function of the stomach?
Digestion of Nutrients
The stomach is the site of storage and digestion. It does NOT absorb any nutrients. Absorption occurs mostly in the small intestine.
What is the largest type of biological molecule?
Protein.
Protein molecules are the largest type of biological molecules.
Phagocytes in the immune system are responsible for the biological action of:
Consuming.
Phagocytes consume smaller biological organisms. ‘Phagocytosis’ is the act of surrounding or consuming. For example, in the immune system, phagocytes surround and digest invaders.
Which of the following is a correct description of metaphase during mitosis?
Chromosomes align along the center of the cell.
During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell. During prometaphase the nuclear envelope disappears and the chromosomes start to attach to the spindle. Anaphase is when the chromosomes start to separate. Telophase is when the chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell; it leads into cytokinesis in animal cells.
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell is preparing to begin DNA replication is called:
G1
G1 cells are preparing for S
The proteins which complex with DNA producing the “beads on a string” or nucleosomes are called
histones
histones form structural complexes with DNA. In the electron microscope, these can take the appearance of beads on a string.
