A & P

Question 1

Which of the following is true about simple reflexes?

Answer 1

They travel only through the spinal cord.

Simple reflexes, known also as spinal reflexes, travel through the spinal cord only, and do not reach the brain.

Question 2

What is the primary role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

Answer 2

It initiates the preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy.

The primary role of estrogen is to thicken the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy

Question 3

What is the name of the structure that transfers urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Answer 3

Ureters

The ureters are the structures that allow urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive tract?

Answer 4

To perform gas exchange.

The digestive tract performs all of the above functions except for performing gas exchange, which is a function of the respiratory system.

Question 5

The medulla oblongata has what primary responsibility?

Answer 5

Vital functions.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for basic vital functions, including respiration and heart rate.

Question 6

The body, at all times, attempts to maintain homeostasis. The best definition of homeostasis is:

Answer 6

a process that maintains the stability of the human body’s internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

This is the best definition of homeostasis. ‘Homeo’ refers to a unified, or sameness, and ‘stasis’ refers to equilibrium.

Question 7

Vitamin K is created in the:

Answer 7

Intestinal tract.

The intestinal tract contains bacteria that synthesize vitamin K that can be used throughout our body.

Question 8

The largest organ in the body is the _____.

Answer 8

Skin

The skin is considered an organ and is therefore the largest in the body.

Question 9

A medical scientist wants to study the parenchyma of the kidney. This scientist would correctly be known, most specifically, as a:

Answer 9

histologist

Where biology focuses on life, in general, histology is the study of tissues. Because it is not clear whether the scientist has a degree, doctor may not be appropriate. An anatomist would be studying the structure of the body in general, and not specifically tissues of the kidney.

Question 10

What is Erythropoiesis?

Answer 10

Red blood cell formation

Blood cell formation is called Hemopoiesis. Erythropoiesis is the process which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).

Question 11

In which part of the body is keratin NOT found?

Answer 11

Teeth

is a family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the key structural component of hair, nails, and the outer layer of human skin.

Question 12

What is the relationship between sarcomeres and muscle cells?

Answer 12

Muscle cells contain myofibrils, which in turn are made up of sarcomeres.

Muscle cells contain myofibrils, which are made up of sarcomeres.

Question 13

A person who has torn their vastus lateralis muscle will need which of the following?

Answer 13

A cane or crutches

The vastus lateralis muscle is a voluntary muscle in the legs. It is a part of the quadriceps. This person will most likely need a cane or crutches to assist in walking.

Question 14

Muscles produce contraction due to the sliding action of:

Answer 14

filaments

During muscle contraction, filaments slide together by using energy supplied by ATP.

Question 15

The medulla oblongata has what primary responsibility?

Answer 15

Vital functions

The medulla oblongata is responsible for basic vital functions, including respiration and heart rate.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about simple reflexes?

Answer 16

They travel only through the spinal cord.

Simple reflexes, known also as spinal reflexes, travel through the spinal cord only, and do not reach the brain.

Question 17

What is the primary role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

Answer 17

It initiates the preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy.

The primary role of estrogen is to thicken the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy.

Question 18

Humans can survive most easily without which of the following?

Answer 18

Gallbladder.

The gallbladder’s function is to store bile, but the GI tract is more than capable of producing bile to digest fat without it. (However you must limit the amounts of fat you intake at a time).

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a role of cortisol?

Answer 19

Controlling motor impulses.

The nervous system controls motor impulses. The other choices are functions of cortisol.

A Reducing inflammation.
B Raising the blood sugar level.
C Inhibiting the release of histamine.

Question 20

How many pairs of spinal nerves are known to exit the spinal cord?

Answer 20

31

Thirty one pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord.

Question 21

The spinal cord reaches from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra. The base of the skull is also known as:

Answer 21

foramen magnum.

The foramen magnum is the name for the base of the skull. The cerebellum and corpus callosum are parts of the brain. Filaments are inside muscle cells.

Question 22

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a substance that performs which of the following?

Answer 22

Acts as a secondary messenger

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) acts as a secondary messenger that remains at the cell surface. (It is made by adenylate cyclase).

Question 23

The neuron is composed of a/n ________, which transmits signals toward the cell body, and a/n _______, which transmits signals away from the cell body.

Answer 23

dendrite, axon

The dendrite transmits signals toward the cell body while axons transmit signals away from the cell body. Filaments are part of muscle cells, not nerve cells.

Question 24

The pectoralis major muscle is located in which general area?

Answer 24

The chest.

The pectoralis major muscle is located in the chest area.

Question 25

The soleus muscle is located in which general area?

Answer 25

Leg

The soleus muscle is located in the lower half of each leg.

Question 26

Which of the following is responsible for differentiation, or specialization, of cells?

Answer 26

Hormones.

Hormones are responsible for the differentiation of cells.

Question 27

Choose the statement that best describes the alimentary canal.

Answer 27

The alimentary canal consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

The alimentary canal consists of the entire digestive tract, from mouth to anus.

Question 28

A woman’s body usually ovulates around what day in a normal 30-day cycle?

Answer 28

14

It is usually around day 14 in a normal 30 day cycle that ovulation occurs.

Question 29

Sperm, once created, are stored in an area of the male body called the ______.

Answer 29

Epididymis.

Sperm are stored in the epididymis to mature.

Question 30

Which of these is the best analogy describing the function of the kidneys?

Answer 30

Which of these is the best analogy describing the function of the kidneys?

The kidney recycles minerals and resources still needed in the body while also excreting waste products. As a result, it is most like a waste treatment plant.

Question 31

What is the most widely distributed type of sweat gland?

Answer 31

Eccrine

The eccrine sweat gland is the most widely distributed type of sweat gland.

Question 32

Moving the arm toward the body would be described as a _______ movement, rather than a ______ movement.

Answer 32

proximal, distal.

This movement is described as a proximal movement, rather than the opposite, which is distal. Proximal can be thought of as ‘proximity’ and distal can be thought of as ‘distant’ to help remember their meanings.

Question 33

The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the end of your femur. What area is she describing?

Answer 33

Epiphysis.

The epiphysis is on each end of long bones like the femur.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the axial skeleton?

Answer 34

The axial skeleton consists of a total of 28 bones of the skull.

This is the only true statement. Ossicles are part of the ear, the mandible is the only movable bone of the skull, and there are only two nasal bones.

Question 35

A patient of yours is diagnosed with emphysema. In emphysema, the alveoli have trouble exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the blood. It would be true to say that this patient has difficulty with what type of respiration?

Answer 35

External.

External respiration is the exchange of gases by the alveoli between the atmosphere and the blood.

Question 36

Deflections of the EKG represent which of the following?

Answer 36

The electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation.

Deflections and patterns of the EKG represent the electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.

Question 37

Follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone are what type of hormones?

Answer 37

Tropic

These types of hormones are known as tropic. Tropic hormones act on other endocrine glands.

Question 38

What is the purpose of the mastication of food?

Answer 38

To increase its surface area

Increasing the food’s surface area promotes easier digestion by letting enzymes get to every portion of it.

Question 39

What stimulates the interstitial cells of the testicles to produce testosterone?

Answer 39

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Luteinizing hormone stimulates the interstitial cells of the testicles to produce testosterone.

Question 40

Inhalation requires the contraction of what structure?

Answer 40

The diaphragm.

The diaphragm contracts upon inhalation.