Biology 3a

Question 1

What causes Type 1 diabetes and how is i controlled?

Answer 1

the body’s own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas.

Question 2

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

Answer 2

If your blood sugar level is too high, you may experience:
Increased thirst.
Frequent urination.
Fatigue.
Nausea and vomiting.
Shortness of breath.
Stomach pain.
Fruity breath odor.
A very dry mouth.

Question 3

Advantages and disadvantages of a kidney transplant over dialysis

Answer 3

Advantages: Patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat and drink
Cheaper for the NHS overall

Disadvantages: Must take immune-suppressant drugs which increase the risk of infection
Shortage of organ donors
Kidney only lasts 8-9 years on average
Any operation carries risks

Question 4

How does kidney dialysis work?

Answer 4

he dialysis machine mixes and monitors the dialysate. Dialysate is the fluid that helps remove the unwanted waste products from your blood. It also helps get your electrolytes and minerals to their proper levels in your body. The machine also monitors the flow of your blood while it is outside of your body.

Question 5

Why doesn’t sugar simply diffuse back into the blood from nephrons?

Answer 5

It is pumped out, requiring ATP, and the glucose channels are not open the other way

Question 6

Three things which are absorbed by the kidneys

Answer 6

Some water, some ions and all glucose

Question 7

Why is your urine more likely to be concentrated on a hot day?

Answer 7

when it is hot, we sweat more and so we lose more water from our body. This makes urine more concentrated as more fluid is lost in more ways

Question 8

Three ways in which water is lost from the body?

Answer 8

Urine, sweating and breathing

Question 9

What three main jobs do the kidneys do?

Answer 9

remove waste from the body, control blood pressure and balance the body’s fluids

Question 10

Write down three main things the body can do to reduce heat loss if it gets cold

Answer 10

Contract the muscles which results in shivering, blood vessels constrict and the hairs on the body stand up

Question 11

Write down four things that the body needs to keep fairly constant

Answer 11

Body temperature, glucose levels, amount of water in the body, salt levels

Question 12

Define homostasis

Answer 12

The maintaining of a constant internal environment

Question 13

What does a stent do?

Answer 13

Stents help keep coronary arteries open and reduce the chance of a heart attack. A stent is inserted into the clogged artery with a balloon catheter.

Question 14

State one part of the of the heart that can be replaced with artificial parts, and give one potential complication.

Answer 14

A pacemaker can be replaced if it is faulty but it runs the risk of being rejected by the immune system

Question 15

Explain how artificial blood products can help keep people alive

Answer 15

People who cannot accept blood transfusions for religious reasons accept artificial blood, artificial blood delivers oxygen to the body faster that real blood who can limit bodily injury particularly during heart attack

Question 16

What are the cell fragments called that help the blood to clot?

Answer 16

When you get a cut or wound, your body forms blood clots, a thickened mass of blood tissue, to help stop the bleeding. Proteins in your blood called fibrins work with small blood cell fragments called platelets, to form the clot. … This is called excessive blood clotting or hypercoagulation, and can be very dangerous.

Question 17

What’s the substance in red blood cells called? What is it called when it mixes with oxygen?

Answer 17

It is called haemoglobin. When it mixes with oxygen it is called oxyhaemoglobin