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Sem. 2 FINALS > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

Time between cell divisions; divided into G1, S, G2 & G0

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2
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The cross of two pure breed plants in which the offspring expresses a phenotype that is a blend of the two
Ex: RR (red) and WW (white) equals 1RR:2RW:1WW RW(pink)

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3
Q

Codominance

A

In a cross of two pure breed plants the offspring show both traits
Ex: C^R C^R (red) and C^W C^W (white) equals 4C^R C^W (stripes)

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4
Q

Complete Dominance

A

The heterozygous and dominate homozygous individuals have the same phenotype a (same appearance)

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5
Q

Test Cross

A

A cross in which you know the results not the parents

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6
Q

Law of Domonince

A

When an organism is dominant for a pair of contrasting traits only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid

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7
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Both sperm and egg each carry one allele when fertilization occurs both alleles are joined to form a pair

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8
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The alleles are repaired during fertilization randomly meaning that the inheritance of one gene does not ensure the inheritance of another

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9
Q

Law of Probability

A

The livelihood that a specific event will happen. Each event is independent of every other event.

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10
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Actual genetic makeup vs physical expression of trait

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11
Q

Heterozygous v. Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same vs bothe alleles are different

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12
Q

Sex Chromosomes for humans

A

Human Male= XY

Human Female= XX

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13
Q

P-MAT

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis

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14
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes: coil up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: split
Centrisomes: 2 centrisomes with centrioles move to opposite poles
Spindle fibers: appear between the two centrisomes; 1 kineticore fiber will attach on each of the sister chromatids

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes: line up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: -
Centrisomes: @ opposite poles
Spindle fibers: kineticore fibers move chromosomes to the middle of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes: split up
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: -
Centrisomes: -
Spindle fibers: kineticore fibers shrink as they seperate it sister chromatids. Polar fibers elongate the cell

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17
Q

Telophase w/ cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes: Uncoil
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus: reappear
Centrisomes: one per cell
Spindle fibers: all fibers disappear

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18
Q

Meiosis I

A

Homologous chromosomes (tetrad) seperate and form two copied cells

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19
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids seperate to form four haploid cells

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20
Q

Oogenesis cytokinesis

A

Ovum (egg), female gamates, are created in the ovary (female gonads)

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21
Q

Process of oogenesis

A

/First polar body

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sperm, male gamates, are created in the testes (male gonads)

Equal cytokinesis happens resulting in 4 sperm

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23
Q

Diploid v. Haploid

A

Diploid: Cells with 2 copies of each chromosomes
Haploid: sex cells; only one copy of each chromosome

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24
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

A trait coded by an allele on the sex chromosomes

25
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

26
Q

Pedigree key

A 
⚪️- female 
⬜️- male
♦️/- unknown sex
⚫️⬛️- have trait/disease 
⚪️⬜️- normal/ w/out trait/disease
27
Q

Linked trait

A

Pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together

28
Q

Chromosome map

A

A diagram that shows the order of genes on a chromosome
Units=%
The closer they are the more likely they will get inherited together

29
Q

DNA v. RNA

A 
DNA             RNA 
Shape: double helix     Single strand
Nitrogen
Base:    A-T & C-G       A-U C-G
Sugars: Deoxyribose   Ribose
Location: Nucleus       Cytosol and
30
Q

Semi conservative replication of DNA

A

When the two strands seperate, each of them will act as templates. These will join with complimentary nucleotides to make two identical strands.

31
Q

Helicase

A

This enzyme is part of step one of DNA replication and repair. It unwinds helix, causing strands to seperate as the H+bonds between the nucleotides are broken.

32
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Step 2 of DNA replication & reproduction; At replication forks; attaches complementary nucleotides to template

33
Q

DNA ligase

A

Step 3 of DNA replication & reproduction; Seals gaps and inserts missing nucleotides in DNA strand

34
Q

Nuclease

A

Step 3 of DNA replication & reproduction; proofreads DNA and repairs errors by cutting out the incorrect nucleotides

35
Q

Scientist who built the DNA model

A

Watson and Crick

36
Q

Replication

A

DNA to DNA

ATGCTA
TACGAT

IN NUCLEUS

37
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA
IN NUCLEUS

ATGCTA
UACGAU-mRNA

mRNA finds ribosome (rRNA)

38
Q

Translation

A

From nitrogen bases to amino acids

39
Q

Dihybrid cross results

A

9:3:3:1

Both Dom: Dom rec: rec Dom: rec rec

40
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living things can come from other living things or non living things

41
Q

Microspheres and Coacervates

A

Both cell-like structures
Created by Sidney Fox
Grow in size and number but do not have hereditary material nor evolve
(B/c they are not living)

42
Q

4 gases Oparin believed were in early Earth’s atmosphere

A

ammonia(NH3), water vapor(H2Og), hydrogen gas(H2g), methane(CH4)

43
Q

What organic molecules were made by Urey and Miller’s experiment?

A

Amino acids, ATP, nucleotides

44
Q

How did ozone first form?

A

Over billions of years ago, O2 levels increased and as the O2 reached the upper levels of the atmosphere it was split by UV rays creating ozone(O3)

45
Q

Progression of single called organisms

A

1) heterotrophic prokaryotes
2) autotrophic prokaryotes that use chemosynthesis (archea)
3) autotrophic prokaryotes that use photosynthesis; (created O2)
4) eukaryotes

46
Q

Organelles involved in endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

47
Q

Analogous features

A

Similar function/appearance; different ancestry

48
Q

Homologous features

A

Different function/appearance; same ancestry

49
Q

Law of Superposition

A

The deeper the fossil the older it is b/c strata layers develop on top of each other

50
Q

Darwin

A

Formed theory of natural selection (cause of evolution by decent with modification)
Survival of the fittest

51
Q

Redi

A

Disproved spontaneous generation with raw meat in jars.

REJECTED

52
Q

Spallazani

A

Disproved spontaneous generation with sealed and not sealed flasks
REJECTED

53
Q

Pasture

A

Disproved spontaneous generation with broth in goose neck flasks.
ACCEPTED

54
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Use of genus and specie names to universally identify and organism

55
Q

How to write a scientific name

A 
Use Latin (dead language)
Underline or use italics
First word is initial caps, second is lowercase
56
Q

How to choose a scientific name

A

Appearance
person (who discovered)
location (where discovered)
Sub-species (3-toed or 4-toed)

57
Q

Cladogram

A

Diagram showing inheritance of traits

58
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram shows ancestral relations

59
Q

7 levels of classification of organisms

A 
Domain (dull)
Kingdom (kings)
Phylum (play)
Class (chess)
Order (on)
Family (fine)
Genus (glass)
Species (stools)

Sem. 2 FINALS (6 decks)

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