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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What does science rely on?

A

facts & evidence (something you can sense, measure/collect, etc.)

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observation and hypothesis

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3
Q

What steps are in the scientific methodology?

A
  1. Observation2. Ask a question3. Hypothesis and tentative answer to the question4. Experiment/Collect Data5. Analyze data6. Conclusion and if hypothesis was not correct revise and retest
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4
Q

What does bias mean?

A

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific

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5
Q

What is data?

A

information gathered from observation of experimentation

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6
Q

What is a variable?

A

any factor

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7
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

experiment where only one variable is tested at a time, and all other variables are controlled

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8
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

color, texture, etc.

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9
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

length, weights, and measurements

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10
Q

Why is peer review important?

A

allows researchers to share ideas, to test, and evaluate each other’s work.

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11
Q

What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6C02 + 6H20 - C6H12O6 + 6O2

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12
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

the process where photosynthetic organisms transfer light energy into chemical energy that is consumed

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13
Q

Where does cell respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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15
Q

What is cell respiration

A

process in which sugar (glucose) are broken down with the released energy used to synthesis ATP

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16
Q

How are DNA and RNA similar?

A

both are made of nucleic acids

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17
Q

Both stands of DNA are held together by what bond and why?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds because DNA is constantly being pulled apart to be copied

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18
Q

Which four nitrogen bases are partners in DNA?

A

Adenine - ThymineGuanine - Cytosine

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19
Q

Which four nitrogen bases are partners in RNA?

A

Adenine - UracilGuanine - Cytosine

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20
Q

Are the two strands of DNA complementary to each other?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next, from one parent cell to daughter cells

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22
Q

Does DNA ever leave the nucleus

A

No

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23
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

used by cells as a working copy of a gene to be used in the production of proteins

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24
Q

Can RNA leave the nucleus?

A

Yes

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25
Q

When does DNA happen?

A

before cell division so each new cell gets a full set of chromosomes

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26
Q

What are the steps to DNA replication?

A
  1. The DNA strands are “unzipped” 2. The enzyme, DNA polymerase, attaches free nucleotides to build a new complementary strand along each old strand3. DNA polimerate proof reads DNA strands
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27
Q

What process is semi conservative replication

A

DNA replication (saving old strand and adding new strand)

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28
Q

Where does prokaryotic DNA replication occur?

A

on one spot on the chromosome and proceeded in both directions

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29
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

replication occurs in hundreds of places simultaneously in both directions to speed up the process

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30
Q

What are genes?

A

coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within a cell

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31
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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32
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

serves as the messenger from DNA to the ribosome (site of protein production)

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33
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

protein are assembled on ribosomes which contain a strand of rRNA

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34
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA?

A

transfers each amino acid to the ribosomes as specified by mRNA coded messages from the nucleus

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35
Q

How many genes code for a protein?

A

1

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36
Q

What are the two major stages in protein synthesis?

A
  1. Transcription - synthesis of mRNA from the DNA template2. Translation - synthesis of a protein from the mRNA template
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37
Q

Will the mRNA stand be complementary to the DNA strand it was written from?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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39
Q

What is a codons?

A

Three nitrogen bases from mRNA that specify for a specific amino acid (builds a protein)

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40
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

on the ribosomes

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41
Q

How many different codon combinations are there?

A

64

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42
Q

What does the AUG codon code for?

A

Tells ribosome to start building the protein

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43
Q

How does tRNA know which amino acid goes where?

A

due to its complementary codon/anticodon relationship

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44
Q

What is a mutation?

A

malfunction of genetic material

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45
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Body cell

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46
Q

What are gamete cells?

A

Egg or sperm

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47
Q

Some mutations are caused by what?

A

Mutagens (ex. UV Rays, tobacco smoke)

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48
Q

What is the reason for genetic variations?

A

mutation

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49
Q

What types of mutations are there?

A
  1. Gene mutation (change in genetic information at one base)2. Chromosomal mutations (change in the number/structure of chromosomes)
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50
Q

What types of gene mutation are there?

A

Substitution, insertion, and deletion

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51
Q

What is the product of cell division (mitosis)?

A

a genetically identical copy of itself

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52
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A
  1. Asexual reproduction (in unicellular organisms)2. Growth, repair, and development of an organism (multicellular organisms)
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53
Q

What are the two major phases of cell division?

A
  1. Interphase2. M phase (cell division)
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54
Q

What does a parent cell divide into?

A

2 daughter cells

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55
Q

Interphase takes how much of a cell’s life.

A

90%

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56
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1 Phase, S Phase, and G2 Phase

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57
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

Cell growth and copying of organelles

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58
Q

What happens during S Phase?

A

Synthesis of DNA and replication of chromosomes

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59
Q

What happens during G2 Phase?

A

Preparation for mitosis (organelles required for mitosis produced

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60
Q

What are the two stages of M Phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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61
Q

What are the four steps of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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62
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus

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63
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm and organelles between two cells

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64
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromatin organizes into chromosomes (sister chromatids) and nuclear membrane disappears

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65
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

sister chromatids line up at the cell’s equator and spindle fibers appear and attach to the centromere

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66
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart toward each new cell

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67
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The nucleus reappears in both cells and chromosomes decondense into chromatin

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68
Q

What is the difference in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells

A

Animal cells develop a cleavage furrow that pinches in and plant cells build a wall separates the two new cells

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69
Q

What is the acronym for cell division

A

I.P.MAT

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70
Q

What are regulatory proteins/cydin?

A

Control cell division

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71
Q

What is apoptosis and what is its function?

A

Programmed cell death and is the key to developing tissues and organs

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72
Q

What does meiosis create?

A

Gametes/sex cells

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73
Q

What is meiosis?

A

process where chromosomes per cell is cut in half

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74
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one set of chromosomes (gametes)

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75
Q

What are diploid cell?

A

Cells with two sets of chromosomes

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76
Q

How many chromosomes do you get from each parent?

A

23

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77
Q

How many chromosomes are haploid? Diploid?

A

23 haploid and 46 diploid

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78
Q

What are the difference between mitosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis: genetically identical copies, somatic cells, one round of division Mitosis: genetically unique copies, gamete cells, two rounds of division

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79
Q

What is genetics

A

Study of heredity

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80
Q

What is heredity?

A

Genetic transmission of characteristics (traits) from parent to offspring

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81
Q

What is a trait?

A

Specific characteristic that can vary from one individual to another

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82
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, determines a trait, and is the basic unit of heredity

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83
Q

What is an allele?

A

one of a number of different forms of a gene

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84
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of an organism for a trait. Represented by a pair of letters ex. Dd

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85
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical express of a trait

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86
Q

What controls a phenotype

A

Genotype

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87
Q

What do punned squares show?

A

Possible outcomes of a genetic cross

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88
Q

What is probability?

A

Likelihood that a particular event will occur

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89
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy that cells can use

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90
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP

A

ATP has three phosphate while ADP has only two

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91
Q

How do ATP and ADP produce energy?

A

When ATP releases its third phosphate it releases energy creating ADP

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92
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

growing fish in controlled conditions for food production

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93
Q

What is hydroponic?

A

growing plants in a nutrient rich water (soil less environment)

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94
Q

What is aquaponics?

A

growing fish and plants symbiotically in a controlled environment

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95
Q

Biology is the study of what?

A

Life

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96
Q

What are the principle elements in living things

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

97
Q

What characteristics do all living things share?

A

Living things are made up of cells, based on DNA, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time.

98
Q

All organisms store complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code called what?

A

DNA

99
Q

Living things maintain a stable internal environment called what?

A

Homeostasis

100
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or break down materials for energy

101
Q

What three subatomic particles make up an atom?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

102
Q

What is the basic unit of MATTER?

A

atom

103
Q

What charge are protons?

A

positive

104
Q

What charge are neutrons?

A

no charge

105
Q

What charge are electrons?

A

negative

106
Q

What forms an atoms nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

107
Q

Where in the atom are electrons?

A

Electrons are in constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus.

108
Q

What charge are atoms?

A

neutral

109
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.

110
Q

How are isotopes of an element similar?

A

They all have the same number of electrons giving them the same chemical properties.

111
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of protons and neutrons they contain

112
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope that’s nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time

113
Q

In what ways do compounds differ from their component elements?

A

Physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.

114
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

A substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements in definite proportions

115
Q

How is the chemical formula written for the compound water

A

H2O

116
Q

What are the main types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bonds and Covalent bonds

117
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one electron to another

118
Q

What are ions?

A

Positively or negatively charged atoms (formed by ionic bonds)

119
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Bond in which electrons are shared by atoms

120
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

an atom that shares two electrons (also double and triple covalent bonds)

121
Q

What is the structure that is formed by a covalent bond called?

A

molecule

122
Q

What is the smallest unit of most COMPOUNDS?

A

Molecule

123
Q

What are van der Waals forces?

A

When molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

124
Q

Can matter be created or destroyed

A

NO!

125
Q

Which bond gives water its special properties?

A

hydrogen bonds

126
Q

What is the attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another is known as?

A

hydrogen bond

127
Q

What are water’s special properties?

A

cohesion (attraction between molecules of the same substance), adhesion (attraction between molecules of different substances), and high heat capacity

128
Q

How does water’s polarity influence its properties as a solvent?

A

It is able to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules

129
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not combined chemically

130
Q

What is a solution

A

A type of mixture that is evenly dispersed

131
Q

What is a solute?

A

a substance that is dissolved

132
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance in which the solute dissolves

133
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A type of mixture of water and a no dissolved material

134
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

135
Q

From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are basic?

A

8-14 (the higher the more basic)

136
Q

From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are neutral?

A

7

137
Q

From 0-14 which number(s) on the pH scale are acidic?

A

0-7 (the lower the more acidic)

138
Q

What is an acid?

A

Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

139
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) in solution

140
Q

What are buffers?

A

A weak acid/base that reacts with reacts with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp change in pH

141
Q

Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions again rapid changes in pH?

A

Buffers dissolved in life’s fluids play an important role in maintaining homeostasis

142
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

oxygen takes shared electrons making it negative and hydrogen positive

143
Q

Is water polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

144
Q

What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?

A

Joining of atoms in compounds

145
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

146
Q

What are elements/compounds that enter a chemical reaction called?

A

reactants

147
Q

What do chemicals reactions produce?

A

Products

148
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

149
Q

What role in living things do enzymes play and what affects their function?

A

Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of molecules

150
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and lowers activation energy

151
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that catalyze (start and control) chemical reactions

152
Q

Enzymes are specific and only bind to what?

A

their specific substrate (like a lock to a key)

153
Q

Do enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH they work at?

A

Yes

154
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

155
Q

How do microscopes work?

A

Most use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light of electrons

156
Q

What are the basic units of life?

A

Cells

157
Q

What characteristics do eukaryotic cells have?

A

DNA is included in a nucleus, larger and more complex then prokaryotic cells, have many organelles

158
Q

What characteristics do prokaryotic cells have?

A

single celled (unicellular) organisms, no nucleus, mainly only bacteria, first living things on Earth and still dominate the population

159
Q

What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

A

Animals have lysosomes (rare) and centriolesPlants have chloroplast, cell wall, and larger central vacuole

160
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Portion of cell outside the nucleus

161
Q

What are organelles

A

Structures within a cell

162
Q

What is the role of the cell’s nucleus?

A

Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

163
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

164
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They also break down organelles that have outlived uselfulness

165
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Helps maintain the cell’s shape and movement

166
Q

What are the functions of centrioles?

A

help organize cell division

167
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes (small particles of RNA)?

A

Assembly of proteins (occurs right on them)

168
Q

What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Prepare proteins to be released from the cell

169
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifying, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

170
Q

What are the functions of the chloroplast (plants)?

A

Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food

171
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria (animal)?

A

Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more confine for the cell use

172
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

Strong supporting layer around the membrane

173
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell

174
Q

Why are cell membranes made of a lipid bilayer

A

Gives the cell flexible structure that is also strong barrier

175
Q

Why are selectively permeable membranes special?

A

Some substances can pass across them and others cannot

176
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

177
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion through special protein channels

178
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

179
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

both solutions have equal concentrations of solutes

180
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

protect the cell, control incoming and outgoing substances, maintain ion concentrations of various substances, allows some molecules in and others out

181
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

a membrane that allows some molecule in and keeps others out

182
Q

What are the four basic mechanisms of transport through cell membranes?

A
  1. Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion2. Osmosis 3. Active Transport4. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
183
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules (or ions) from a region of high concentration to a lower concentration

184
Q

Molecules move about randomly because of what?

A

kinetic energy

185
Q

When do molecules reach equilibrium?

A

when hey are evenly spread out

186
Q

What is an hypotonic solution?

A

solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

187
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

solution with higher concentration of solutes

188
Q

What is active transport?

A

transport of a molecule in or out of cell that requires energy

189
Q

not/non

A

a/an

190
Q

internal/inside

A

endo

191
Q

against

A

anti

192
Q

joint

A

arthro

193
Q

cell

A

cyto

194
Q

light

A

photo

195
Q

one

A

mono

196
Q

many

A

poly

197
Q

self

A

auto

198
Q

different

A

hetero

199
Q

same

A

homo

200
Q

to break down

A

lys

201
Q

life

A

bio

202
Q

needing oxygen or air

A

aero

203
Q

heat

A

therm

204
Q

study of

A

ology

205
Q

disease/inflammation

A

itis

206
Q

to make

A

synthesis

207
Q

sugar

A

saccharide

208
Q

eat/consume

A

troph

209
Q

seed

A

zygous

210
Q

Why are alleles incompletely dominant?

A

One allele is not completely dominant over another

211
Q

What are the effects of incomplete dominance

A

A blend

212
Q

What is codominance?

A

When phenotypes are both equally expressed (ex. brown with white patches)

213
Q

What is the process of polymerization?

A

Macromolecules are built by joining monomers together

214
Q

What are the four major groups of macromolecules found in living thing?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

215
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)

216
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Living things use them as their main source of energy

217
Q

What are two types of carbohydrates, their names, and common forms?

A
  • Simple Sugars (monosaccharides) found commonly in glucose, galactose, and fructose - Complex Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) found in glycogen (animals) and starch (plants) as a way to as a way to store excess sugar
218
Q

What are the function of lipids?

A

Can be used to store energy or important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

219
Q

What special characteristic do lipids have?

A

Not soluble in water

220
Q

What elements are lipids made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

221
Q

What are lipids common forms?

A

Fats, oils, and waxes

222
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

223
Q

What is nucleic acid’s monomers known as?

A

Nucleotides

224
Q

What do nucleotide consist of?

A

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

225
Q

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

Store and transmit genetic information

226
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing the sugar ribose and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing the sugar deoxyribose

227
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A

Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

228
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

229
Q

What links together amino acids together?

A

peptide bond

230
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form important cellular structures, transport substances into and out of cells, and help fight disease

231
Q

How many different amino acids are found in nature

A

20

232
Q

Why is carbon unique?

A

it can make up to four covalent bonds with other atoms

233
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a single unit building block

234
Q

What is a polymer

A

monomers joined together

235
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

a giant molecule made up of monomers

236
Q

What elements is nucleic acid made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

237
Q

What are the polymers of protein?

A

polypeptide

238
Q

Proteins shape can be changed by what?

A

adding heat or changing pH

Freshman (9 decks)

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