Biology Flashcards
1
Q
THE STUDY OF THE LIVING WORLD IS REFERRED TO AS:
A
biology
2
Q
WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (largest to smallest)
A
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, groups of cells, cells, and molecules
3
Q
WHAT ARE THE CHARATERISTICS OF ALL LIVING THINGS?
A
growth and development, response to environment, ability to reproduce.
4
Q
WHAT ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR THE METRIC SYSTEM?
A
gram, meter, liter
5
Q
THE ____________ IS THE BASIC UNIT OF MATTER.
A
atom
6
Q
THE CENTER OF AN ATOM IS ALSO CALLED THE __________.
A
nucleus
7
Q
WHAT CHARGE DOES A PROTON HAVE?
A
positive charge
8
Q
WHAT CHARGE DOES AN ELECTRON HAVE?
A
negative charge
9
Q
WHAT SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ARE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM?
A
neutrons and protons
10
Q
ELECTRONS CAN BE FOUND:
A
In the space surrounding the nucleus
11
Q
AN ATOM OF AN ELEMENT THAT HAS THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS, BUT A DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IS AN ____.
A
isotope
12
Q
HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE CO2.
A
one atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen
13
Q
A _______BOND IS FORMED WHEN ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER.
A
ionic
14
Q
A _________ BOND IS FORMED BY THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS.
A
covalent
15
Q
A LOGICAL INTERPRETATION BASED ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE OR EXPERIENCE IS CALLED AN:
A
inference
16
Q
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
A
observe something, form a hypothesis, experiment and collect data, form a conclusion, share your findings with others.
17
Q
GATHERING INFORMATION RESULTS IN:
A
data
18
Q
A ________ EXPERIMENT IS ONE IN WHICH A SINGLE VARIABLE IS TESTED.
A
controlled
19
Q
THE VARIABLE THAT IS DELIBERATELY CHANGED IS CALLED THE:
A
manipulated variable/independent
20
Q
THE VARIABLE THAT IS OBSERVED AND BEING TESTED IS THE:
A
responding variable/dependent
21
Q
A WELL-TESTED EXPLANATION THAT UNIFIES A BROAD RANGE OF OBSERVATIONS IS CALLED A:
A
theory
22
Q
A PROPOSED SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION FOR A SET OF OBSERVATIONS IS CALLED A:
A
hypothesis
23
Q
A HYPOTHESIS IS USEFUL WHEN IT CAN BE:
A
tested
24
Q
THE ENERGY NEEDED TO GET A REACTION STARTED IS CALLED THE:
A
Activation Energy
25
WHAT DOES A CATALYST DO?
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.
26
WHEN ORGANISMS KEEP THEIR INTERNAL CONDITIONS PRETTY CONSTANT IT IS CALLED:
homeostasis
27
TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS COMBINED IS CALLED A __________.
compound
28
THESE ARE FOUND ON THE PERIODIC TABLE, AND ARE MADE UP OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM:
elements
29
IN THE EQUATION A + B ----->AB, THE LEFT SIDE OF THE EQUATION IS THE
reactants
30
IN THE EQUATION A + B ----->AB, TEH RIGHT SIDE OF THE EQUATION IS THE ____________________
products
31
THE UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS CAUSES A MOLECULE TO BE ________________.
polar
32
THE ATTRATION BETWEEN MOLECULES OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES IS CALLED:
adhesion
33
THE ATTRATION BETWEEN MOLECULES OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE IS CALLED:
cohesion
34
A MATERIAL COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS THAT ARE PHYSICALLY MIXED TOGETHER ARE CALLED:
mixtures
35
A ______________ IS A EVENLY DISTRIBUTED MIXTURE FO TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES.
solution
36
SALT WATER IS AN EXAMPLE OF A _________________.
solution
37
A SOLUTION IS ANOTHER NAME FOR A ________ MIXTURE.
homogeneous
38
IN A SOLUTION THE SUBSTANCE BEING DISSOLVED IS THE ____________.
solute
39
IN A SOLUTION THE SUBSTANCE DOING THE DISSOLVING IS CALLED THE _____________.
solvent
40
ON A pH SCALE ___________ SOLUTIONS HAVE A pH BELOW 7.
acidic
41
ON A pH SCALE ____________ SOLUTIONS HAVE A pH ABOVE 7.
basic
42
____________ ARE WEAK ACIDS OR BASES THAT CAN REACT WITH STRONG ACIDS OR BASES TO PREVENT SUDDEN CHANGES IN pH.
buffers
43
TRUE OR FALSE-ENZYMES WORK AT EVERY TEMPERATURE?
false-slow down at lower temperatures or too high of temperatures
44
THE FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
45
WHAT ORGANIC GROUP IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR HUMANS.
carbohydrates
46
_______________ ARE USED TO STORE ENERGY, AND ARE IMPORTANT PARTS OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES.
lipids
47
A MONOSACCHARIDE IS A:
carbohydrate
48
______________ STORE AND TRANSMIT HEREIDITARY, OR GENETIC INFORMATION.
nucleic acids
49
WHAT ORGANIC GROUP IS USED FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR?
protein
50
WHAT ORGANIC GROUP IS USED TO CLASSIFY FATS, OILS, AND WAXES?
lipids
51
WHAT DOES THE STOMACH PRODUCE TO HELP DIGEST FOOD?
acid
52
WHAT ARE SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES?
They work best at a specified pH, they are temperature dependent, they are proteins, they can be denatured.
53
_________ SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN CELLS.
enzymes
54
WHO CAME UP WITH THE FIRST PERIODIC TABLE?
Mendeleev
55
WHAT TYPE OF MIXTURE IS A SALAD?
A heterogeneous mixture
56
WHAT TYPE OF MIXTURE IS SALT WATER?
A homogeneous mixture
57
WHAT IS OIL AND WATER AN EXAMPLE OF?
A suspension
58
MILK IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ___________.
colloid
59
WHAT DOES THE LAW OF THE CONSERVATION OF MATTER STATE?
That matter cannot be created nor destroyed only rearranged
60
A _____________MICROSCOPE CAN MAGNIFY IMAGES UP TO 100 TIMES.
compound light
61
A __________ IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT SPINS TEST TUBES CAUSING CELLS TO SEPERATE.
centrifuge
62
______________ ALLOWS CELLS TO PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS.
cell specialization
63
The cell organelle in charge of storage?
VACUOLE
64
Which organelles split themselves in 1/2 to digest dead cells or cell invaders?
LYSOSOMES
65
Which organelle rips the cell apart during cell division?
CENTRIOLES
66
What organelle is the cell boundary?
CELL MEMBRANE
67
What 2 organelles are found in a plant cell, but not an animal cell?
CHLOROPLASTS AND CELL WALL
68
What gives a cell its shape?
CELL MEMBRANE AND WATER
69
Who discovered cells?
HOOKE
70
What is the name for a cell that does not have a nucleus?
PROKARYOTE
71
What is the name for a cell that does have a nucleus?
EUKARYOTE
72
What is the smallest unit of life?
CELL
73
The process in which molecules move from an area of large concentration to an area of low concentration is:
DIFFUSION
74
Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane is called:
OSMOSIS
75
The concentration of solutes is the same on both the inside and the outside of a cell.
ISOTONIC
76
The concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell, causes the cell to dry out.
HYPERTONIC
77
The concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell.
HYPOTONIC
78
A single-celled organism. Bacteria falls into this category.
UNICELLULAR
79
Organisms made up of many cells are classified as this:
MULTICELLULAR
80
An energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
81
The organelle in a cell that in charge of packaging and sorting proteins.
GOLGI APPARATUS
82
Which organelle provides the cell with energy?
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS
83
What is the jellylike material that holds the organelles?
CYTOPLASM
84
What is the control structure of the nucleus?
NUCLEOLUS
85
The highway of the cell in charge of cell that transports materials.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
86
What is the main function of the cell wall?
SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
87
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES THE CELL
88
What is diffusion?
THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION
89
What is the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
90
Which means of particle transport requires energy from the cell?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
91
What is osmosis?
THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
92
The process by which a cell takes material into the cell.
ENDOCYTOSIS
93
What are the levels of organization of multicellular organisms?
INDIVIDUAL CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, ORGAN SYSTEMS
94
A group of cells that perform a particular function is called a:
tissue
95
Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food are called:
AUTOTROPHS
96
Organisms that obtain energy from the food that they consume are called:
HETEROTROPHS
97
________________ is used by cells as their basic energy source.
ATP
98
When ATP loses a phosphate is becomes _____________.
ADP
99
Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle in plants?
CHLOROPLASTS
100
What are the products of photosynthesis?
OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE
101
What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER
102
What is the pigment in plants that gives them their green color?
CHLOROPHYLL
103
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 ---->6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
104
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down:
GLUCOSE AND OTHER FOOD MOLECULES
105
What is the breaking down of glucose called?
GLYCOLYSIS
106
When oxygen is not present glycolysis is followed by _______________.
FERMENTATION
107
When a process requires oxygen it is referred to as:
AEROBIC
108
When a process doesn't require oxygen it is referred to as:
ANAEROBIC
109
The two types of fermentation are:
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION & LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
110
Where does the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport occur?
IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
111
How is photosynthesis and cellular respiration like a bank?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DEPOSITS THE ENERGY, CELLULAR RESPIRATION USES THE ENERGY
112
Where does glycolysis take place?
THE CYTOPLASM
113
Cells divide rather than grow continuously because of what 2 factors?
DNA OVERLOAD and EXCHANGING MATERIALS
114
Before a cell gets too big it forms two _______________.
DAUGHTER CELLS
115
The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells is called:
CELL DIVISION
116
What is the cell cycle?
SERIES OF EVENTS THAT CELLS GO THROUGH AS THEY GROW AND DIVIDE
117
Genetic information is also called:
DNA
118
The process by which a single parent reproduces by itself is called:
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
119
The center of a chromosome is called the:
CENTROMERE
120
In interphase, the phase where the cell grows is:
G1
121
In interphase, the phase in which the DNA is replicated is:
S
122
In interphase the phase in which the organelles and molecules required fro cell division are produced is:
G2
123
What are the phases of mitosis is order?
PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
124
The longest phase of mitosis is:
PROPHASE
125
The phase in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell is:
METAPHASE
126
The phase in which the nuclear envelope reforms is:
TELOPHASE
127
The phase in which the nucleolus disappears is:
PROPHASE
128
The phase in which the chromosomes move to ends of the cell is:
ANAPHASE
129
The phase in which the chromosomes become visible is:
PROPHASE
130
The nucleolus becomes visible in which phase?
TELOPHASE
131
Cytokinesis occurs at the end of which phase?
TELOPHASE
132
The splitting of the cytoplasm is called:
CYTOKINESIS
133
In plants, a _______________ forms between the divided nuclei.
CELL PLATE
134
The period of growth in between cell divisions is called:
INTERPHASE
135
A protein that is a regulator of the cell cycle is:
CYCLIN
136
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their:
GROWTH RATE
137
A mass of cancer cells is called a:
TUMOR
138
During cell division each chromosome splits in 1/2 forming:
CHROMATIDS
139
During prophase the ____________ move to opposite ends of the cells.
CENTRIOLES
140
Which principle states that some traits are recessive and some are dominant?
THE PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE
141
Organisms that have two identical alleles (Ex:TT or tt)for a particular trait are said to be:
HOMOZYGOUS
142
An organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (Ex: Tt) is:
HETEROZYGOUS
143
Which principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other's inheritance (Ex: not all blondes will always have blue eyes)
PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
144
When one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene it is called:
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
145
Variation in human skin color is an example of:
POLYGENIC TRAITS
146
Cell division that occurs in body cells is called:
MITOSIS
147
Cell division where gametes are produced is called:
MEIOSIS
148
What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that decreases the number of chromosomes?
replication doesn't happen
149
What is produced in meiosis?
haploid cells
150
What do gametes have?
one allele for each gene
151
A situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism is called:
CODOMINANCE
152
The genetic makeup of the organism is called the:
GENOTYPE
153
The physical characteristics of an organism is called the:
PHENOTYPE
154
Sex cells are also called:
GAMETES
155
When are tetrads formed from chromosomes?
PROPHASE I OF MEIOSIS
156
A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another is called a:
TRAIT
157
If an organism has 12 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organism's diploid number is;
24
158
The different forms of a gene are called:
ALLELES
159
The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called:
PROBABILITY
160
The scientific study of heredity is called:
GENETICS
161
Who was the monk that laid the foundations of the science of genetics?
GREGOR MENDEL
162
TO get or receive is:
TO INHERIT
163
What does a punnett square show?
ALL POSSIBLE RESULTS OF A GENETIC CROSS, THE GENOTYPES OF THE OFFSPRING, THE ALLELES IN THE GAMETES OF EACH PARENT
164
The phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait can be expressed by using a:
BELL CURVE
165
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called:
HYBRIDS
166
The chemical factors that determine traits are called:
GENES
167
What is incomplete dominance?
WHEN ONE ALLELE IS NOT DOMINANT OVER ANOTHER
168
When a black chicken mates with a white chicken and has a speckled chicken this is an example of:
CODOMINANCE
169
Mitosis occurs in ______________ cells while meiosis occurs in _____________ cells.
BODY; SEX
170
During meiosis the number of chromosomes is cut in _____.
1/2
171
Mitosis produces _______ diploid cells while meiosis produces _______ genetically different haploid cells.
2;4
172
Cells that are produced in females that do not participate in reproduction are called:
POLAR BODIES
173
Chromosomes exchanging portions of their chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles is called:
CROSSING OVER
174
The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the letter:
N (remember haploid=N; diploid=2N)
175
The ________________ also determines the characteristics expressed by an organism.
ENVIRONMENT
176
The process by which one strain of bacteria changes into another is:
transformation
177
Avery's experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by:
DNA
178
Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine are the bases found in ___________.
DNA
179
Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil are the bases found in _________.
RNA
180
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.
181
Cytosine and Thymine made up the ____________.
pyrimidines
182
Adenine and Guanine make up the _____________.
Purines
183
The backbone of DNA is formed by:
sugar and phosphate groups
184
Crick and Watson called the structure of DNA the:
double helix
185
In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the _________.
nucleus
186
DNA is copied during a process called:
replication
187
DNA contains the sugar ____________, while RNA contains the sugar ___________.
deoxyribose, ribose
188
If I have a DNA molecule CGCAGT during replication what strand would be formed?
GCGTCA
189
What are the types of RNA?
mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
190
During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed where in the cell?
nucleus
191
What happens during translation?
The cell uses the information from mRNA to produce proteins.
192
Genes contain instructions for assembling ________.
proteins
193
DNA is tightly wrapped around ________.
histones
194
What connects the nitrogenous bases?
hydrogen bonds
195
A codon has _____ nucleotides.
3
196
A nucleotide has which three parts?
base, sugar, phosphate
197
Chromatin contains proteins called:
histones
198
A virus that infects and kills bacteria is a ________.
bacteriophage
199
The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________ in proteins.
amino acids
200
Allowing only those with desired characteristics to produce the next generation is:
Selective Breeding
201
The crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms is:
Hybridization
202
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics is:
inbreeding
203
What is genetic engineering?
process of making changes in the genetic code of organisms
204
One function of gel electrophoresis is:
separate DNA fragments
205
An inheritable change in DNA is a:
mutation
206
Plants that have double or triple the number of chromosomes are called:
polyploidy
207
Genetic ___________makes it possible to transfer DNA from one organism to another.
engineering
208
An organism that contains genes from other species is a ______________ organism.
transgenic
209
Why is the advantage in using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
transgenic bacteria can produce large amounts of human proteins
210
How have transgenic animals been used?
to study genes, to improve the food supply, to study the affects of diseases on the human immune system
211
A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell is a:
clone
212
A picture of chromosomes is a:
karyotype
213
XX represents a ___________, while XY represents a ________.
female, male
214
A ____________ shows the relationships between a family.
pedigree
215
What blood type is also called the universal donor?
type O
216
What percentage of DNA in your body functions as genes?
2%
217
Genes located on the X or Y chromosomes are also called:
sex-linked genes
218
In women when one of the X chromosomes becomes inactivated a ___________ forms.
Barr body
219
What occurs when chromosomes don't separate?
nondisjunction
220
______________ allows parents to see if their child has a genetic disorder.
Genetic testing
221
The identification of individuals by a method that analyzes sections of DNA is called:
DNA fingerprinting
222
Where can DNA be found?
blood, sperm, hair with tissue at the base
223
Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by:
selective breeding
224
The crossing of 2 corn plants is an example of:
hybridization`
225
The ultimate source of variability is:
mutations
226
Engineers use _______________ to make transgenic organisms.
genetic engineering
227
What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be male?
50%
228
Most sex-linked genes are located on the:
X chromosome
229
Who is referred to as the "father of evolution"?
Charles Darwin
230
Charles Darwin went to the Galapagos Islands and observed:
similar species with traits that suited their environment
231
What did Lamarck's theory of evolution state?
body structure can change according to the actions of the organism.
232
What did Malthus suggest?
there will not be enough food to support the growing human population
233
What was the name of the book that Darwin published?
On the Origin of Species
234
What is meant by evolutionary fitness?
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
235
All of the members of a particular population make up the population's:
gene pool
236
What is genetic equilibrium?
A situation in which allele frequencies of a population remain constant.
237
What is a homologous structure?
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissue
238
A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone:
coevolution
239
To be considered a population what must be true?
They are all members of the same species.
240
What is artificial selection?
selection by humans for breeding of useful traits
241
What is natural selection?
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
242
When the allele frequencies of a population stay constant it is referred to as:
genetic equilibrium
243
The Galapagos finch species is an example of:
speciation
244
What is the first step of speciation?
arrival of a founding population
245
For a new species to form what needs to happen?
reproductive isolation
