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Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

Contraction of ___ decreases fat absorption

A

lacteals

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3
Q

Does low BP affect ADH levels? If so, how?

A

Yes (if body has enough time to respond);

Increase ADH to reabsorb more water

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4
Q

Does low BP affect GFR? If so, how?

A

Yes;

Decreases GFR → less X found in urine

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5
Q

What happens to GFR if there is no hydrostatic pressure (from heart)?

A

No filtration will occur because blood will not be pushed into capsule. There is more proteins in blood than in capsular space so fluid will want to remain in bloodstream.

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6
Q

What happens to the bones of a man who receives estrogen injections?

A

Nothing; LOSS of estrogen in postmenopausal women will affect bone health, but GAIN of estrogen from normal does not seem to have an effect.

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7
Q

How to find number of possible peptide arrangements that contain n number of AA?

A

n!

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8
Q

role of microtubules in mitosis

A
  • attach to chromosomes

- form mitotic spindle fibers

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9
Q

microtubules are formed from…

A

tubulin proteins

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10
Q

What is stronger: intermolec or intramolec bonds?

A

intramolec

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11
Q

Covalent bonds can almost synonymous with…

A

intermolec bonds (e.g. H-bonds, peptide bonds)

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12
Q

Heat disrupts __ bonds

A

covalent

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13
Q

what has a more important role in determining movement of proteins in SDS-PAGE: mass or charge?

A

Mass

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14
Q

SDS disrupts all bonds but ___ ones. What does this imply?

A

Covalent;

Primary structure is maintained

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15
Q

Cellular respiration is the oxidation / reduction of glucose?

A

oxidation

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16
Q

cellular respiration is a ___ rxn

A

combustion

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17
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP formed by ADP + Pi

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18
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP formed by ETC & ATP synthase

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19
Q

something that acts as a substrate for an enzyme = ____ inhibition

A

competitive

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20
Q

If an enzyme is inhibited, what will happen to the substrate?

A

There will be a build up

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21
Q

cofactors

A

neutral ions or co-enzymes that activate an enzyme by binding tightly to it

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22
Q

T/F: all cofactors are organic

A

F

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23
Q

T/F: all enzymes need cofactors

A

F

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24
Q

Na/K pump

A

2 K in, 3 Na out

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25
Q

H2O acts as a ___ acid and base.

A

BL

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26
Q

Define BL acid & base

A

Acid: donate H+
Base: accept H+

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27
Q

What is the only AA whose side chain can form covalent bonds?

A

Cysteine; side chain forms S-S disulfide bridge

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28
Q

What determines the overall structure of a protein (folding, etc.)

A

primary structure

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29
Q

Where is NADH produced during carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • Cytosol: glycolysis produces 2

- mitochondria matrix: Krebs cycle produces 3

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30
Q

What is the initial reactant for glycolysis?

A

Glucose (hexose);

While fructose & galactose can enter glycolysis half-way, it is not INITIAL reactant

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31
Q

Function of smooth ER

A
  • cellular detox
  • steroid synthesis
  • lipid synthesis
  • store Ca++
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32
Q

Mitochondrial genome is inherited from…

A

the mom only

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33
Q

Which directly affects acetyl CoA levels (cellular respiration)

A
  • pyruvate dehydrogenase

- Krebs cycle

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34
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for producing acetyl CoA?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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35
Q

Prosthetic groups ___ attach to enzymes

A

covalently

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36
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

a part of the colon

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37
Q

Actin binds to ___ frequently

A

myosin

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38
Q

BP depends on…

A

CO x Resistance

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39
Q

Key information about fungi

A
  • haploid
  • cell wall
  • asexual (spore)
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40
Q

Mesoderm develops the…

A
  • skeletal muscle & skeleton
  • dermis of skin
  • connective tissue
  • the urogenital system
  • heart
  • blood (lymph cells)
  • spleen
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41
Q

Endoderm develops the…

A
  • stomach
  • colon
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • bladder
  • lungs
  • pharynx
  • thyroid & parathyroid
  • intestines
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42
Q

Ectoderm develops the…

A
  • CNS (spine & head)
  • eye
  • nerves
  • epidermis
  • hair
  • boobs
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43
Q

Does fever cause reduced or increased fluid loss? Why?

A

Increased (sweat);

cool body

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44
Q

DNA replication occurs in __ phase

A

S

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45
Q

Air flows into lungs due to…

A

neg pressure created by the diaphragm

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46
Q

Major difference between virus and bacteria

A

Bac’t can reproduce (e.g. by fission), while virus needs host

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47
Q

How many phenotypes are there when AaBb x AaBb?

A

4

2 (A vs. aa) x 2 (B vs. bb) = 4

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48
Q

How many phenotypes are there when LlRW x LlRW?

A

2 x 3 = 6

2 (L vs. ll) x 3 (RR vs. RW vs. WW) = 6

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49
Q

Where are T and B cells produced?

A 
Thymus (T cells)
Bone marrow (B cells)
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50
Q

What is characteristic of extrachromosomal pieces of DNA?

A

they undergo replication independently of chromosomal DNA

51
Q

what is interesting about the cytoplasm of ova-producing cells (oogonia)?

A

they contain no nuclear material

52
Q

F factor plasmid (F = ??)

A

fertility

53
Q

What is dependent on the F factor plasmid?

A

ability to initiate conjugation

54
Q

conjugation

A

mixing of F+ and F- bacteria through the F pilus

55
Q

Transformation of bacteria

A

uptake of naked DNA from environment (happens in unfavourable conditions)

56
Q

transduction of bactira

A

transfer of genetic material from 1 host to new host via viral infection

57
Q

translocation

A

movement of ribosome along mRNA during protein translation

58
Q

muscle in digestive system is smooth/striated?

A

smooth

59
Q

cardiac tissue is smooth / striated?

A

striated

60
Q

striated muscle usually refers to…

A

skeletal muscle

61
Q

coelom

A

body cavity; develops in the mesoderm (makes a hole in mesoderm layers)

62
Q

disease caused by pathogenic microbes are characterized by…

A

they are infectious

63
Q

size of virus relative to bacteria and proteins

A

way smaller than bacteria

about the same size as large proteins

64
Q

capsid

A

viral protein coat

65
Q

does viruses have DNA or RNA?

A

either or, but not both

66
Q

viral envelope is formed from…

A

host material

67
Q

metabolism of virus

A

no metabolism; use ATP made by host

68
Q

When can viruses not affect cells?

A

when the specific receptor it must bind to on the plasma membrane is not available

69
Q

process of viral infection

A
  1. landing
  2. attachment to receptor (viral enzymes break down cell wall)
  3. tail contraction
  4. tail penetration & injection of viral material
70
Q

lytic infection

A

how virus normally infect cells

ends in lysis of host cell and release of new virions

71
Q

latent period of viral infection

A

period of time from infection to lysis

72
Q

what kind of virus follows the lytic cycle?

A

virulent virus

73
Q

lysogenic infection

A

viral DNA mixed into host genome

74
Q

what kind of virus follows the lysogenic cycle?

A

temperate virus

75
Q

define: dormant/latent

A

when viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA

76
Q

provirus

A

virus whose DNA is incorporated into host DNA

77
Q

prophage

A

virus whose DNA is incorporated into host (BACTERIA) DNA

78
Q

when do dormant viruses become virulent?

A

when subject to some type of stress

79
Q

what virus is responsible for the common cold?

A

unenveloped + strand RNA viruses

80
Q

+ strand RNA means…

A

proteins can be directly translated from RNA

81
Q

classification of retrovirus

A

enveloped + strand RNA

82
Q

measles, rabies, and the flu are due to _____ viruses

A

minus strand RNA viruses

83
Q

minus strand RNA means…

A

minus strand RNA is complement to mRNA → transcribed to plus strand RNA

84
Q

are viral RNA ss or ds?

A

can be both

85
Q

similarity between Archaea and Bacteria

A

both are prokaryotes

86
Q

prokaryotes are split into…

A

1) bacteria

2) archaea

87
Q

which prokaryote is very similar to eukaryotes?

A

archaea

88
Q

cell walls of bac’t are made from…

A

peptidoglycan

89
Q

to some degree, all microorganisms are capable of fixing…

What does this mean?

A

CO2;

reduce CO2 → use C to create organic molecules (Calvin cycle)

90
Q

autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in…

A

the method in which they obtain their source of C

91
Q

phototrophs & chemotrophs differ in…

A

the type of energy source they use

Phototroph: use light as energy source
Chemotroph: use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter

92
Q

All chemoautotrophs are…

A

prokaryotes

93
Q

cocci bacteria

A

round

94
Q

bacilli bacteria

A

rod shaped

95
Q

spirilla bacteria

A

rigid, helical shaped

96
Q

spirochetes bacteria

A

flexible, helical shaped

97
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome numbers & size

A

50S + 30S → 70S

smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

98
Q

phospholipid is composed of…

A

phosphate group
2 fatty acid chains
glycerol backbone

99
Q

amphipathic

A

both polar & non-polar

100
Q

intrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are…

they are also called ___

A

ones that go all the way through;

integral proteins

101
Q

extrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are…

they are also called ___

A

ones that only go through one bilayer;

peripheral proteins

102
Q

how do extrinsic proteins say on the membrane?

A

ionic bonds to integral proteins or polar head group of phospholipid

103
Q

cholesterol increases / decreases fluidity of plasma membrane

A

normal temp: increase fluidity by disrupting phospholipid interactions

high temp: decrease fluidity because cholesterol is more rigid than phospholipids

104
Q

what is more important in determining permeability through plasma membrane: size or charge?

A

charge (most of the time)

105
Q

parthenogenesis

A

activation & development of egg without sperm (asexual reproduction)

106
Q

isogamy

A

female & male gametes look the same

107
Q

hermaphroditism / pseudo-hermaphroditism

A

mating with yourself (type of sexual reproduction)

108
Q

epigenetic modulation occurs at the __ level

A

RNA

109
Q

epigenetics allow…

A

expression of multiple protein from the same sequence of DNA

110
Q

HR is regulated by which part of the CNS?

A

brain stem

111
Q

appetite is regulated by which part of the CNS?

A

hypothalamus

112
Q

myoglobin can be founds in…

A

muscles & organs

113
Q

a-H are very acidic / basic

A

acidic (want to be removed)

114
Q

antibodies are not very effective at combating viruses which mutate quickly because antibodies are very…

A

specific

115
Q

AZT drug prevents ____ bond

A

phosphate-sugar backbone

116
Q

Polarity of C-OH vs. C=O

A

C-OH is more polar

117
Q

perineum

A

area between sexy-bits and anus

118
Q

leukocytes gravitate towards…

A

inflammation

119
Q

visceral

A

related to organs (e.g. visceral fat is fat around organs)

120
Q

liver cells regenerate by…

A

mitosis

121
Q

2-deoxythymidine is a component of…

A

DNA

122
Q

action of neutrophils

A

destroy foreign cells by phagocytosis (makes pus)

123
Q

filtrate is formed at…

A

glomerulus

124
Q

hydrolysis of amide =

A

carboxylic acid

MCAT (4 decks)

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