Biology Flashcards
peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Contraction of ___ decreases fat absorption
lacteals
Does low BP affect ADH levels? If so, how?
Yes (if body has enough time to respond);
Increase ADH to reabsorb more water
Does low BP affect GFR? If so, how?
Yes;
Decreases GFR → less X found in urine
What happens to GFR if there is no hydrostatic pressure (from heart)?
No filtration will occur because blood will not be pushed into capsule. There is more proteins in blood than in capsular space so fluid will want to remain in bloodstream.
What happens to the bones of a man who receives estrogen injections?
Nothing; LOSS of estrogen in postmenopausal women will affect bone health, but GAIN of estrogen from normal does not seem to have an effect.
How to find number of possible peptide arrangements that contain n number of AA?
n!
role of microtubules in mitosis
- attach to chromosomes
- form mitotic spindle fibers
microtubules are formed from…
tubulin proteins
What is stronger: intermolec or intramolec bonds?
intramolec
Covalent bonds can almost synonymous with…
intermolec bonds (e.g. H-bonds, peptide bonds)
Heat disrupts __ bonds
covalent
what has a more important role in determining movement of proteins in SDS-PAGE: mass or charge?
Mass
SDS disrupts all bonds but ___ ones. What does this imply?
Covalent;
Primary structure is maintained
Cellular respiration is the oxidation / reduction of glucose?
oxidation
cellular respiration is a ___ rxn
combustion
substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP formed by ADP + Pi
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP formed by ETC & ATP synthase
something that acts as a substrate for an enzyme = ____ inhibition
competitive
If an enzyme is inhibited, what will happen to the substrate?
There will be a build up
cofactors
neutral ions or co-enzymes that activate an enzyme by binding tightly to it
T/F: all cofactors are organic
F
T/F: all enzymes need cofactors
F
Na/K pump
2 K in, 3 Na out
H2O acts as a ___ acid and base.
BL
Define BL acid & base
Acid: donate H+
Base: accept H+
What is the only AA whose side chain can form covalent bonds?
Cysteine; side chain forms S-S disulfide bridge
What determines the overall structure of a protein (folding, etc.)
primary structure
Where is NADH produced during carbohydrate metabolism?
- Cytosol: glycolysis produces 2
- mitochondria matrix: Krebs cycle produces 3
What is the initial reactant for glycolysis?
Glucose (hexose);
While fructose & galactose can enter glycolysis half-way, it is not INITIAL reactant
Function of smooth ER
- cellular detox
- steroid synthesis
- lipid synthesis
- store Ca++
Mitochondrial genome is inherited from…
the mom only
Which directly affects acetyl CoA levels (cellular respiration)
- pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Krebs cycle
Which enzyme is responsible for producing acetyl CoA?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Prosthetic groups ___ attach to enzymes
covalently
Where is the appendix located?
a part of the colon
Actin binds to ___ frequently
myosin
BP depends on…
CO x Resistance
Key information about fungi
- haploid
- cell wall
- asexual (spore)
Mesoderm develops the…
- skeletal muscle & skeleton
- dermis of skin
- connective tissue
- the urogenital system
- heart
- blood (lymph cells)
- spleen
Endoderm develops the…
- stomach
- colon
- liver
- pancreas
- bladder
- lungs
- pharynx
- thyroid & parathyroid
- intestines
Ectoderm develops the…
- CNS (spine & head)
- eye
- nerves
- epidermis
- hair
- boobs
Does fever cause reduced or increased fluid loss? Why?
Increased (sweat);
cool body
DNA replication occurs in __ phase
S
Air flows into lungs due to…
neg pressure created by the diaphragm
Major difference between virus and bacteria
Bac’t can reproduce (e.g. by fission), while virus needs host
How many phenotypes are there when AaBb x AaBb?
4
2 (A vs. aa) x 2 (B vs. bb) = 4
How many phenotypes are there when LlRW x LlRW?
2 x 3 = 6
2 (L vs. ll) x 3 (RR vs. RW vs. WW) = 6
Where are T and B cells produced?
Thymus (T cells) Bone marrow (B cells)
What is characteristic of extrachromosomal pieces of DNA?
they undergo replication independently of chromosomal DNA
what is interesting about the cytoplasm of ova-producing cells (oogonia)?
they contain no nuclear material
F factor plasmid (F = ??)
fertility
What is dependent on the F factor plasmid?
ability to initiate conjugation
conjugation
mixing of F+ and F- bacteria through the F pilus
Transformation of bacteria
uptake of naked DNA from environment (happens in unfavourable conditions)
transduction of bactira
transfer of genetic material from 1 host to new host via viral infection
translocation
movement of ribosome along mRNA during protein translation
muscle in digestive system is smooth/striated?
smooth
cardiac tissue is smooth / striated?
striated
striated muscle usually refers to…
skeletal muscle
coelom
body cavity; develops in the mesoderm (makes a hole in mesoderm layers)
disease caused by pathogenic microbes are characterized by…
they are infectious
size of virus relative to bacteria and proteins
way smaller than bacteria
about the same size as large proteins
capsid
viral protein coat
does viruses have DNA or RNA?
either or, but not both
viral envelope is formed from…
host material
metabolism of virus
no metabolism; use ATP made by host
When can viruses not affect cells?
when the specific receptor it must bind to on the plasma membrane is not available
process of viral infection
- landing
- attachment to receptor (viral enzymes break down cell wall)
- tail contraction
- tail penetration & injection of viral material
lytic infection
how virus normally infect cells
ends in lysis of host cell and release of new virions
latent period of viral infection
period of time from infection to lysis
what kind of virus follows the lytic cycle?
virulent virus
lysogenic infection
viral DNA mixed into host genome
what kind of virus follows the lysogenic cycle?
temperate virus
define: dormant/latent
when viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA
provirus
virus whose DNA is incorporated into host DNA
prophage
virus whose DNA is incorporated into host (BACTERIA) DNA
when do dormant viruses become virulent?
when subject to some type of stress
what virus is responsible for the common cold?
unenveloped + strand RNA viruses
+ strand RNA means…
proteins can be directly translated from RNA
classification of retrovirus
enveloped + strand RNA
measles, rabies, and the flu are due to _____ viruses
minus strand RNA viruses
minus strand RNA means…
minus strand RNA is complement to mRNA → transcribed to plus strand RNA
are viral RNA ss or ds?
can be both
similarity between Archaea and Bacteria
both are prokaryotes
prokaryotes are split into…
1) bacteria
2) archaea
which prokaryote is very similar to eukaryotes?
archaea
cell walls of bac’t are made from…
peptidoglycan
to some degree, all microorganisms are capable of fixing…
What does this mean?
CO2;
reduce CO2 → use C to create organic molecules (Calvin cycle)
autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in…
the method in which they obtain their source of C
phototrophs & chemotrophs differ in…
the type of energy source they use
Phototroph: use light as energy source
Chemotroph: use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter
All chemoautotrophs are…
prokaryotes
cocci bacteria
round
bacilli bacteria
rod shaped
spirilla bacteria
rigid, helical shaped
spirochetes bacteria
flexible, helical shaped
Prokaryotic ribosome numbers & size
50S + 30S → 70S
smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
phospholipid is composed of…
phosphate group
2 fatty acid chains
glycerol backbone
amphipathic
both polar & non-polar
intrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are…
they are also called ___
ones that go all the way through;
integral proteins
extrinsic proteins on the plasma membrane are…
they are also called ___
ones that only go through one bilayer;
peripheral proteins
how do extrinsic proteins say on the membrane?
ionic bonds to integral proteins or polar head group of phospholipid
cholesterol increases / decreases fluidity of plasma membrane
normal temp: increase fluidity by disrupting phospholipid interactions
high temp: decrease fluidity because cholesterol is more rigid than phospholipids
what is more important in determining permeability through plasma membrane: size or charge?
charge (most of the time)
parthenogenesis
activation & development of egg without sperm (asexual reproduction)
isogamy
female & male gametes look the same
hermaphroditism / pseudo-hermaphroditism
mating with yourself (type of sexual reproduction)
epigenetic modulation occurs at the __ level
RNA
epigenetics allow…
expression of multiple protein from the same sequence of DNA
HR is regulated by which part of the CNS?
brain stem
appetite is regulated by which part of the CNS?
hypothalamus
myoglobin can be founds in…
muscles & organs
a-H are very acidic / basic
acidic (want to be removed)
antibodies are not very effective at combating viruses which mutate quickly because antibodies are very…
specific
AZT drug prevents ____ bond
phosphate-sugar backbone
Polarity of C-OH vs. C=O
C-OH is more polar
perineum
area between sexy-bits and anus
leukocytes gravitate towards…
inflammation
visceral
related to organs (e.g. visceral fat is fat around organs)
liver cells regenerate by…
mitosis
2-deoxythymidine is a component of…
DNA
action of neutrophils
destroy foreign cells by phagocytosis (makes pus)
filtrate is formed at…
glomerulus
hydrolysis of amide =
carboxylic acid
