Biology Flashcards
What does a vacuole contain?
Cell Sap
What is process occurs in mitochondria?
Respiration
What process occurs in chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?
A Cell Wall
What is a chlorophyll?
A green substance inside chloroplast that aids photosynthesis
Does a bacterium cell contain a nucleus?
NO, the genetic material floats around in the cytoplasm
What is diffusion?
The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
How are palisade cells specialised within a plant?
They are full of chloroplast and are near the top of the leaf meaning that they’re nearer the light and produce more photosynthesis.
How are Guard Cells specialised within a plant?
They open and close the stomata to control gaseous exchange and water loss
What is a stomata?
Pores that are found on the underside of the leaf, that release gas and water vapour.
What is a tissue?
Not the thing you blow your nose with
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
How are Red Blood Cells specialised within an animal?
They have a concave shape that increases surface area so that more oxygen can be carried.
They are full of haemoglobin, that absorb the oxygen. Also, they have no nucleus so they can carry more oxygen.
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
What mainly occurs in the Mesophyll Tissue?
Photosynthesis
What is the purpose of Xylem and Phloem?
To transport water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant.
What is the word equation for Photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen.
What are the 3 limiting factors on photosynthesis?
The amount of Light
The Temperature
The Amount Of CO2 surrounding the plant.
What 5 environmental factors affect the distribution of an organism?
Temperature Availability of Water Availability of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Availability of Nutrients Amount of Light
What piece of equipment can be used to study the distribution of organisms.
Quadrats
What do you need to think about when collecting environmental data?
Reliability and Validity
What is a catalyst and name an example of a biological catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that increases the the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up, e.g. Enzymes
What happens to an enzyme if it becomes too hot or is in the wrong pH?
It becomes de-natured.
What are the 3 digestive enzymes and their purpose?
Amylase- converts starch into sugars
Protease- converts protein into amino acids
Lipase- converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is Amylase produced?
Salivary Gland, Pancreas and Small Intestine
Where is Protease produced?
Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine.
Where is Lipase produced?
Pancreas and Small Intestine
What is Respiration?
The process of releasing energy from glucose
What is the word equation for Aerobic Respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the equation for Anaerobic Respiration?
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic Acid
What does Anaerobic Respiration lead to?
Oxygen Debt
What are 2 uses of Enzymes?
Used in Biological Detergents
Used to Change Foods, making them easier to digest
What are the Advantages of using Enzymes in Industry?
They only catalyse the reaction you want them to
Lower temperature means lower cost and saves energy
They work for a long time, lowering costs of replacement
They are Biodegradable and so cause less pollution
What are the Disadvantages of using Enzymes in Industry?
Some people are allergic to them
Enzymes can be De-natured easily and so conditions must be tightly controlled
They can be expensive to produce
Contamination of the Enzyme can affect the reaction
What is DNA short for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are Chromosomes?
Long Chain Molecules of DNA
What is a Gene?
A section of DNA that contains the instructions to make a specific protein.
What is Mitosis?
The splitting of a cell to produce TWO identical cells
What is Meiosis?
Produces cells that contain HALF the normal number of Chromosomes (Gametes)
What is so special about Stem Cells?
They can change when they need, to form specialised cells
e.g Stem Cell -> White Blood Cell
What is the Advantage of using Stem Cells?
They can be used to cure many diseases.
E.g. Replacing a mutated Cancer cell with a normal one hence curing Cancer.
Why are some people against Stem Cell Research?
People feel that they should not interfere with nature
What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a male?
X and Y
What is the 23rd pair of Chromosomes in a female?
X and X
What is the percentage of producing a male and female?
50%
The Work of Mendel is…
Hard to display on here please see Page 66 in the CGP Revision Guide for Biology
What is a Recessive Allele?
An allele that will not be displayed unless both the genes within that person are Recessive.
What is a Dominant Allele?
An allele that will be displayed when paired with any other gene unless the gene pairing is that of two recessive alleles
What is a fossil?
The remains of plants and animals at are displayed in rocks from Gradual Replacement, Casts or Preservation.
What is Gradual Replacement in Fossils?
As objects decay they are replaced by minerals and remain distinct from the surrounding rock.
What is Casts in Fossils?
The process where an organism makes an imprint in a soft material. The soft material then hardens and the organism decays.
This leaves behind a cast.
What is Preservation in Fossil?
Preservation is where an organism is trapped and no decay occurs. E.g. Insects trapped in Amber
What are the 6 reasons why a species may become extinct?
Environment Changes New Predator New Disease Can't Compete for Food Catastrophic Event New Species Develops
What is Natural Selection?
What some people nowadays (cough Jodie Popham cough) should be subject to.
The idea of survival of the fittest and those that adapt survive to pass on their successful genes and alleles
