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Biology 2024 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of antigen and results in a secondary
response is called a(n):
a. memory cell
b. helper T cell
c. plasma cell
d. antigen-presenting cell

A

memory cell

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2
Q

Which cells phagocytose (Ingest) antigen-bearing pathogens and display them on their surface with MHC proteins?

A

macrophages

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3
Q

Which cells can be antigen-presenting cells?
a. dendritic cells
b. B cells
c. macrophages
d. all of the above

A

All of the above

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4
Q

Suppose you get a splinter in your finger, and some bacteria hitched a ride on the splinter.
a. How would the immune system respond immediately to try to prevent a serious infection?

A

Phagocytic cells ingest the bacteria and break them down.

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5
Q

Suppose you get a splinter in your finger, and some bacteria hitched a ride on the splinter. b.If the bacteria were not quickly controlled, explain in detail how the antibody response
would be activated.

A

Some of the phagocytic cells would be macrophages. break down the bacteria, some of the bacterial antigens would be bound to MHC protein. displayed on surface of the macrophage. A helper T cell with a matching T-cell receptor would bind to this specific antigen + MHC combination and the macrophage would release cytokine. The activated TH cell would then eventually find a B cell specific for the same antigen and activate it. The B cell would divide, and some specialize into plasma cells and make large amounts of specific antibody

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6
Q

Does the immune system need many different types of macrophages, or just one type?

A

they’re not specific, so just one type.

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7
Q

Does the immune system need many different types of TH cells, or just one type?

A

there must be one kind of TH cell for every possible antigen that the immune system can
recognize.

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8
Q

These cells are part of the innate immune system
and kill pathogens.

A

neutrophils (white blood cell), macrophages, dendritic cells

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9
Q

These cells produce antibody proteins.

A

plasma cells

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10
Q

These cells are part of the adaptive immune system and present antigens to other cells.

A

macrophages, B cells

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11
Q

These cells kill human cells that are infected with viruses

A

cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)

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12
Q

What is the one molecular function of an antibody?

A

Binds a specific antigen

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13
Q

What is one role of an MHC protein?

A

Binds pieces of an antigen ingested by a macrophage, presenting them to TH cells

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14
Q

Before we start our ELISA experiment, what will be on the bottom of the 96-well plates that
we have purchased?

A

Antibody specific for WNV E protein

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15
Q

Compare the roles of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A

Helper T cells are needed to activate B cells to produce antibody in the antibody response.

Cytotoxic T cells are activated in cell-mediated immunity and release proteins that kill infected
cells

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16
Q

Our ELISA assay relies upon which molecule(s) that was secreted by a plasma B cell?
a. A phospholipid
b. An enzyme
c. Primers
d. An antibody
d. A polymerase

A

Antibody

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17
Q

Which of the following describes the main difference between an innate immune response and
an adaptive immune response?
a. The innate response responds only to free pathogens in a localized area; the adaptive
response responds only to pathogen that have entered the body cells
b. The innate response involves the white blood cells, whereas the adaptive response involved
only T cells
c. The innate response relies on phagocytes to destroy pathogens, whereas the adaptive
response does not involve phagocytes
d. The innate response is nonspecific, whereas the adaptive responses reacts to specific
microbes on the basis of their different antigens
e. None of the above.

A

d. The innate response is nonspecific, whereas the adaptive responses reacts to specific
microbes on the basis of their different antigens

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18
Q

A secondary immune response is more rapid and greater in effect than a primary immune response because:
a. The second response is an active immunity whereas the primary one was a passive immunity
b. Helper T cells are available to activate other blood cells
c. Chemokines cause the rapid accumulation of phagocytic cells
d. Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly clone more effector cells

A

d. Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly clone more effector cells

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19
Q

True or False A macrophage’s job is to release cytokines to activate B cells to produce clones
of plasma cells

A

False

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20
Q

True or False A cytotoxic T cell’s job is to attack and destroy host cells infected with the pathogen

A

True

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21
Q

If a bird is “seropositive” for WNV, what does “seropositive” mean and what can we conclude has happened to that bird previously?

A

The bird’s blood serum contains anti-WNV antibodies, meaning that at some point it was
infected by WNV.

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22
Q

You were working in the yard, picking up sticks after a storm. As you reached for a stick, you
got a splinter in your finger. If a bacterium or virus hitched a ride on the splinter, explain in
detail how the antibody response would be activated.

A

phagocytosed by a macrophage, which would then break down. Some of the microbes antigen proteins would be displayed on the surface of the
macrophage, bound to an MHC protein. Recognized by the T-cell receptor on a helper T cell, which in turn can activate an antigen-specific B cell to produce antibody capable of
binding to the antigen.

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23
Q

Which cell(s) make MHC protein? Choose all that apply.
a. helper T cells
b. macrophages
c. cytotoxic T cells
d. B cells
e. plasma cells

A

B. Macrophages
D. B-Cells

24
Q

Which of the following is part of the innate immune response? Choose all that apply.
a. barriers such as stomach acid
b. killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells
c. phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils
d. neutralization of a virus by antibody
e. production of memory cells that can be activated directly by antigen

A

a. barriers such as stomach acid
c. phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils

25
Q

Match the immune-system cells below with their functions. Choose all the functions that apply; you may use the letters once, more than once, or not at all.
Plasma Cell:
a. presents antigen to a helper T cell
b. activates a helper T cell
c. triggers inflammation
d. produces large amounts of soluble antibody
e. neutralizes a pathogen
f. kills infected cells
g. activates a B cell
h. activates a memory cel

A

d. produces large amounts of soluble antibody

26
Q

Match the immune-system cells below with their functions. Choose all the functions that apply; you may use the letters once, more than once, or not at all.
Macrophage:
a. presents antigen to a helper T cell
b. activates a helper T cell
c. triggers inflammation
d. produces large amounts of soluble antibody
e. neutralizes a pathogen
f. kills infected cells
g. activates a B cell
h. activates a memory cel

A

a. presents antigen to a helper T cell
b. activates a helper T-cell

27
Q

Match the immune-system cells below with their functions. Choose all the functions that apply; you may use the letters once, more than once, or not at all.
Helper T-cell:
a. presents antigen to a helper T cell
b. activates a helper T cell
c. triggers inflammation
d. produces large amounts of soluble antibody
e. neutralizes a pathogen
f. kills infected cells
g. activates a B cell
h. activates a memory cel

A

g. activates a B cell

28
Q

Match the immune-system cells below with their functions. Choose all the functions that apply; you may use the letters once, more than once, or not at all.
B- celll:
a. presents antigen to a helper T cell
b. activates a helper T cell
c. triggers inflammation
d. produces large amounts of soluble antibody
e. neutralizes a pathogen
f. kills infected cells
g. activates a B cell
h. activates a memory cel

A

a. presents antigen to a helper T cell

29
Q

Cell membranes are:
a. Selectively permeable
b. Fluid mosaic
c. Amphipathic
d. Made mostly of phospholipids and proteins
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

30
Q

Which one of the following is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
a. Lysosome
b. Chloroplast
c. Plasma membrane
d. Golgi apparatus
e. Smooth ER

A

c. Plasma membrane

31
Q

What is found in bacterial cells and plant cells that is not present in animal cells?

A

Cell Wall

32
Q

What is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that evolved from endosymbiosis?

A

mitochondrion

33
Q

What organelle found in plant cells evolved from endosymbiosis?

A

chloroplast

34
Q

What are two lines of evidence that the organelles from part B and C evolved via endosymbiosis?

A

surrounded by more than one membrane, have their own DNA, genes
similar to bacteria

35
Q

If a protein is one that needs carbohydrates added on before it is functional, where in the
cell will it be translated?

A

in a ribosome attached to the rough ER

36
Q

WNV binds the integrin αVβ3 protein, a protein found in the membrane of host cells. Where in
the cell would the integrin αVβ3 protein be synthesized?
a. in the nucleus
b. on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
c. on ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. inside the endoplasmic reticulum
e. in the Golgi apparatus

A

c. on ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

True or False Glycosylation is an important modification of some proteins that occurs in the
Golgi apparatus.

A

True

38
Q

True or False Mitochondria have RNA very similar to viral RNA, evidence that they evolved from viruses “tamed” by early eukaryotic cells.

A

False

39
Q

A structure that is always found in eukaryotic cells but never in prokaryotic cells is:
a. cell wall
b. Golgi apparatus
c. ribosome
d. plasma membrane
e. chloroplas

A

b. Golgi apparatus

40
Q

If a cell is translating an mRNA that encodes a membrane protein, the ribosome translating it
would be located in/on the———–. From there, the protein would move
to —– in a ——.

A
  1. rough endoplasmic reticulum
    2.the Golgi
    3.vesicle
41
Q

The site of phospholipid synthesis is
a. Lysosome
b. Smooth ER
c. Rough ER
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Mitochondria

A

b. Smooth ER

42
Q

The site of breaking down of denatured proteins is
a. Lysosome
b. Smooth ER
c. Rough ER
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Mitochondria

A

a. Lysosome

43
Q

The site of energy generation is
a. Lysosome
b. Smooth ER
c. Rough ER
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Mitochondria

A

e. Mitochondria

44
Q

If a protein is synthesized on a free ribosome (in other words, not part of the rough ER), which
cellular compartment could that protein end up in? Circle all that apply.
a. Cytosol
b. Golgi
c. Rough ER
d. Lysosome
e. Secreted outside the cell

A

a. Cytosol

45
Q

WNV’s envelope protein gets inserted into the host cell membrane, so it must be made in the——-transported in a —— to the —- for modification and finally transported to the
membrane.

A
  1. rough ER
    2.vesicle
    3.Golgi
46
Q

Cycle of the Cell Structure and Function

A

Nucleus–>Contains–>DNA–>Encodes Protiens

Nucleus–>Surrounded by–>Membrane–>Made of Proteins and Phospholipids.

47
Q

What is one cellular structure found in all cells?

A

cell membrane and ribosome

48
Q

What are two cellular structures found only in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosome,
chloroplast, or mitochondrion

49
Q

The WNV genome is essentially the same as an mRNA; it even has a 5′ cap. When this mRNA
is translated by a ribosome, how many proteins are made?

A

only one

50
Q

Which one statement accurately describes the West Nile virus genome?
a. It can serve as an mRNA molecule.
b. It is a double-stranded DNA molecule.
c. It encodes several thousand proteins.
d. It is made of proteins.
e. It has a triangulation number of three.

A

a. It can serve as an mRNA molecule.

51
Q

The structure of West Nile virus is illustrated below.
What is the name of the small orange protein show with arrow #1?
What is the name of the green protein shown with arrow #2?
What is the name of the yellow protein dimer shown with arrow #3?

A

1)matrix protein
2)capsid protein
3)envelope protein (E)

52
Q

T F The E protein of WNV is organized as a complex of 3 proteins that covers the surface of the virus.
T F The WNV’s genome contains 11 genes, 8 of which are non-structural proteins needed for viral replication.
T F The E protein of WNV is organized on the surface of the virus and makes
connections with the host cells.
T F The WNV’s genome contains 12 genes, 6 of which are non-structural proteins needed for viral replication.
T F The “non-structural” proteins have a function in the host cell and are not used in infecting the host cells
T F West Nile virus is a naked virus with an icosahedral capsid.

A

F
T
T
F
T
T
F

53
Q

Immediately after translation of the West Nile virus genome, how many different viral proteins
would there be in an infected cell?

A

one

54
Q

Which of the following WNV proteins likely interacts with the host cell?
a. C
b. E
c. NS1
d. NS5
e. Spike

A

E

55
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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