biology 2024

Question 1

what is the immune system made up of?

Answer 1

a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.

Question 2

what is the best protection in the immune system?

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

what is your skin protected by?

Answer 3

layers of dead cells that flake off, carrying parasites with it

Question 4

what type of coating does the skin produce?

Answer 4

an oily coating that is slightly acidic

Question 5

what does the skins coating do?

Answer 5

prevent bacteria and fungi from growing easily

Question 6

How do pathogens enter the body?

Answer 6

through its openings

Question 7

what does parts of the body like noses, mouths and eyes do to a pathogen?

Answer 7

try to flush it out

Question 8

what happens when the skin is broken?

Answer 8

pathogens get in!

Question 9

what is inflammation

Answer 9

a reaction by the body to kill parasites

Question 10

what are the signs of inflammation?

Answer 10

redness, swelling and pain

Question 11

what happens in the body when redness occurs as a sign of inflammation?

Answer 11

all the blood vessels open up to fight the pathogen

Question 12

what happens in the body when swelling occurs as a sign of inflammation?

Answer 12

all the white blood cells are rushing to kill the pathogen

Question 13

what do macrophages do?

Answer 13

they phagocytose (eat) the pathogen

Question 14

what type of cells are macrophages

Answer 14

white blood cells

Question 15

what happens to foreign cells when they are recognised by macrophages

Answer 15

they are hunted down and eaten

Question 16

inflammation is non-specific: explain

Answer 16

your body will react this way for anything foreign (including pollen and dust mites)

Question 17

what are allergies a type of?

Answer 17

inflammation (runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing)

Question 18

what is anaphylaxis

Answer 18

when the blood vessels can leak so much that the circulation system collapses

Question 19

what does an epipen do?

Answer 19

reopen the blood vessels and keeps blood flowing

Question 20

what is the main cell type in the immune system?

Answer 20

white blood cells

Question 21

what organs are in the immune system?

Answer 21

a range of unconnected organs

Question 22

what does the first line of defence include?

Answer 22

barriers to prevent infection

Question 23

what does the second line of defence include?

Answer 23

general responses inside the body

Question 24

what does the third line of defence include?

Answer 24

immunity against specific pathogens

Question 25

what type of barriers are in the first line of defence?

Answer 25

chemical and physical

Question 26

whato do physical barriers do?

Answer 26

prevent pathogens from entering the body

Question 27

what do chemical barriers do?

Answer 27

attempt to destory pathogens before they enter our body

Question 28

what does dead skin do

Answer 28

remove pathogens as it flakes off

Question 29

what does the oil in the skin do?

Answer 29

reduce chances of tearing

Question 30

to what point is the skin acidic?

Answer 30

mild: (pH 5.5)

Question 31

Whatare mucous membranes?

Answer 31

Areas not covered by skin

Question 32

what are examples of mucous membranes?

Answer 32

eyes, mouth, nose, digestive and reproductive tracts

Question 33

what do specialised cells do in the first line of defence?

Answer 33

secrete mucous

Question 34

what does musous do?

Answer 34

trap pathogens

Question 35

what does cilia do in the first line of defence?

Answer 35

moves mocous out of the body (excess saliva, runny nose etc.)

Question 36

what does the second line of defence include?

Answer 36

processes and cells which attempt to destroy the pathogen

Question 37

does the second line of defence have memory?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

the second line of defence is non specific: explain

Answer 38

attacks all pathogens equally

Question 39

are are self-markers recognised as by our white blood cells

Answer 39

self

Question 40

what are antigens recognised as by our white blood cells?

Answer 40

non self

Question 41

what do macrophages detect

Answer 41

antigens on foreign object

Question 42

what do macrophages do to antigens?

Answer 42

engulf and destory the foreign object/pathogen

Question 43

what do pyrogens do?

Answer 43

cause body temperatres to rise once pathogens are detected

Question 44

what might high body temperatures do during fever?

Answer 44

inhibit some viruses and bacteria

Question 45

what is the main benefit of fever?

Answer 45

speeding up body metabolism (chemical reactions) to increase immune system function

Question 46

what is inflammation?

Answer 46

increase in blood flow to a damaged part of the body to assist healing

Question 47

what do increased platelets do?

Answer 47

speed-up healing of damaged tissue

Question 48

what happens in the third line of defence?

Answer 48

specific pathogens are targeted using specialised white blood cells

Question 49

the third line of defence is adaptive: explain

Answer 49

improves its response over time

Question 50

what doez the third line of defence do for immunity?

Answer 50

can provide long-term immunity

Question 51

what is the lymphatic system?

Answer 51

A system of vessels and nodes which filter the fluid in the body.

Question 52

what do lymph nodes contain?

Answer 52

large numbers of lymphocytes

Question 53

what are B lymphocytes?

Answer 53

White blood cells that produce antibodies

Question 54

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 54

white blood cells which cause adaptive immunity

Question 55

where are B lymphocytes found?

Answer 55

lymph nodes, the bloodstream and other organs

Question 56

describe the process of humoral immunity

Answer 56

Pathogens enter the body Antigens on the pathogen detected by one type of B lymphocyte That B lymphocyte divides to become many plasma cells Plasma cells produce antibodies Antibodies trap pathogen allowing macrophages to destroy

Question 57

what are t lymphocytes

Answer 57

White blood cells that destroy: Infected body cells and Cancer cells

Question 58

describe the process of cell-mediated immunity

Answer 58

Cell becomes infected (or cancerous) Infected cell presents antigen to ask for help One specific T lymphocyte recognises infected cell T lymphocyte becomes a killer T cell and destroys infected cell

Question 59

what do memory cells cause?

Answer 59

immunity

Question 60

what happens to memory B cells and T cells after an infection?

Answer 60

remain in the body

Question 61

what happens the nect time that you are infected by a pathogen?

Answer 61

your immune response is faster and stronger, sometimes you never receive any symptoms again

Question 62

how can we achieve immunity?

Answer 62

1) being infected by a pathogen 2) being vaccinated

Question 63

what does vaccination involve?

Answer 63

involves injecting an inactive piece of the pathogen, your immune system still recognises the antigen and creates memory B and T cells

Question 64

what is herd immunity?

Answer 64

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population, based on immunity of individuals from previous infection or vaccination.