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biology 2024 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the immune system made up of?

A

a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.

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2
Q

what is the best protection in the immune system?

A

skin

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3
Q

what is your skin protected by?

A

layers of dead cells that flake off, carrying parasites with it

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4
Q

what type of coating does the skin produce?

A

an oily coating that is slightly acidic

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5
Q

what does the skins coating do?

A

prevent bacteria and fungi from growing easily

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6
Q

How do pathogens enter the body?

A

through its openings

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7
Q

what does parts of the body like noses, mouths and eyes do to a pathogen?

A

try to flush it out

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8
Q

what happens when the skin is broken?

A

pathogens get in!

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9
Q

what is inflammation

A

a reaction by the body to kill parasites

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10
Q

what are the signs of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling and pain

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11
Q

what happens in the body when redness occurs as a sign of inflammation?

A

all the blood vessels open up to fight the pathogen

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12
Q

what happens in the body when swelling occurs as a sign of inflammation?

A

all the white blood cells are rushing to kill the pathogen

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13
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

they phagocytose (eat) the pathogen

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14
Q

what type of cells are macrophages

A

white blood cells

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15
Q

what happens to foreign cells when they are recognised by macrophages

A

they are hunted down and eaten

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16
Q

inflammation is non-specific: explain

A

your body will react this way for anything foreign (including pollen and dust mites)

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17
Q

what are allergies a type of?

A

inflammation (runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing)

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18
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

when the blood vessels can leak so much that the circulation system collapses

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19
Q

what does an epipen do?

A

reopen the blood vessels and keeps blood flowing

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20
Q

what is the main cell type in the immune system?

A

white blood cells

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21
Q

what organs are in the immune system?

A

a range of unconnected organs

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22
Q

what does the first line of defence include?

A

barriers to prevent infection

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23
Q

what does the second line of defence include?

A

general responses inside the body

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24
Q

what does the third line of defence include?

A

immunity against specific pathogens

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25
Q

what type of barriers are in the first line of defence?

A

chemical and physical

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26
Q

whato do physical barriers do?

A

prevent pathogens from entering the body

27
Q

what do chemical barriers do?

A

attempt to destory pathogens before they enter our body

28
Q

what does dead skin do

A

remove pathogens as it flakes off

29
Q

what does the oil in the skin do?

A

reduce chances of tearing

30
Q

to what point is the skin acidic?

A

mild: (pH 5.5)

31
Q

Whatare mucous membranes?

A

Areas not covered by skin

32
Q

what are examples of mucous membranes?

A

eyes, mouth, nose, digestive and reproductive tracts

33
Q

what do specialised cells do in the first line of defence?

A

secrete mucous

34
Q

what does musous do?

A

trap pathogens

35
Q

what does cilia do in the first line of defence?

A

moves mocous out of the body (excess saliva, runny nose etc.)

36
Q

what does the second line of defence include?

A

processes and cells which attempt to destroy the pathogen

37
Q

does the second line of defence have memory?

A

no

38
Q

the second line of defence is non specific: explain

A

attacks all pathogens equally

39
Q

are are self-markers recognised as by our white blood cells

A

self

40
Q

what are antigens recognised as by our white blood cells?

A

non self

41
Q

what do macrophages detect

A

antigens on foreign object

42
Q

what do macrophages do to antigens?

A

engulf and destory the foreign object/pathogen

43
Q

what do pyrogens do?

A

cause body temperatres to rise once pathogens are detected

44
Q

what might high body temperatures do during fever?

A

inhibit some viruses and bacteria

45
Q

what is the main benefit of fever?

A

speeding up body metabolism (chemical reactions) to increase immune system function

46
Q

what is inflammation?

A

increase in blood flow to a damagedpart of the body to assist healing

47
Q

what do increased platelets do?

A

speed-up healing of damaged tissue

48
Q

what happens in the third line of defence?

A

specific pathogens are targeted using specialised white blood cells

49
Q

the third line of defence is adaptive: explain

A

improves its response over time

50
Q

what doez the third line of defence do for immunity?

A

can provide long-term immunity

51
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of vessels and nodes which filter the fluid in the body.

52
Q

what do lymph nodes contain?

A

large numbers of lymphocytes

53
Q

what are B lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies

54
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells which cause adaptive immunity

55
Q

where are B lymphocytes found?

A

lymph nodes, the bloodstream and other organs

56
Q

describe the process of humoral immunity

A

Pathogens enter the body
Antigens on the pathogen detected by one type of B lymphocyte
That B lymphocyte divides to become many plasma cells
Plasma cells produce antibodies
Antibodies trap pathogen allowing macrophages to destroy

57
Q

what are t lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that destroy:
Infected body cells and Cancer cells

58
Q

describe the process of cell-mediated immunity

A

Cell becomes infected (or cancerous)
Infected cell presents antigen to ask for help
One specific T lymphocyte recognises infected cell
T lymphocyte becomes a killer T cell and destroys infected cell

59
Q

what do memory cells cause?

A

immunity

60
Q

what happens to memory B cells and T cells after an infection?

A

remain in the body

61
Q

what happens the nect time that you are infected by a pathogen?

A

your immune response is faster and stronger, sometimes you never receive any symptoms again

62
Q

how can we achieve immunity?

A

1) being infected by a pathogen
2) being vaccinated

63
Q

what does vaccination involve?

A

involves injecting an inactive piece of the pathogen, your immune system still recognises the antigen and creates memory B and T cells

64
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population, based on immunity of individuals from previous infection or vaccination.

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