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Biology 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

any condition that impairs the normal body functions

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2
Q

infectious

A

passed from person to person and caused by a pathogen

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3
Q

bacteria

A

singel-celled, prokaryotic

reporduces via binary fission

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4
Q

virus

A

non-cellular, non-living

reproduces via host organisms’ genetic material by inserting their own

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5
Q

fungi

A

mostly skin, eukaryotic (mostly)

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6
Q

protozoa

A

eukaryotic, uni-cellular

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7
Q

multicellular parasite

A

eukaryotic, multicellular

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8
Q

non-infectious

A

not passed form person to person (not contagious)

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9
Q

heredity

A

inheritance of a faulty chromosome

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10
Q

enviromental factors

A

chemical toxins & radiation exposure

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11
Q

incorrect nutrition

A

under nutrition or malnutrition

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12
Q

physological malfunction

A

systems or organs not functioning properly

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13
Q

sign

A

visible by another person; something observable

e.g. tempreturre

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14
Q

symptom

A

is only detectable by the patient

e.g. headache

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15
Q

prevention

A

inhibits the introduction of a disease to an area, population, or individual

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16
Q

treatment

A

the use of an agent or procedure in an attempt to cure or mitigate a disease condition

e.g. a drug or a surgery

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17
Q

methods of transmission

A

passing of a disease-causing pathogen from an infected host individual to ahother individual or group

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18
Q

food-borne

A

transmitted by food

e.g. salmonella

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19
Q

air-borne

A

transmitted by tiny droplets of moisture during exhalation

e.g. TB, COVID

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20
Q

insect-borne

A

transmitted by a vector (insect)

e.g. malaria

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21
Q

water-borne

A

transmitted by contaminated water

e.g. cholera

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22
Q

direct contact

A

transmitted by direct contact between people or object handled by people

e.g. ringworm

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23
Q

STD

A

transmitted by intimate sexual contact, exchanging fluids

e.g. HIV

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24
Q

3 methods of containment

A

public health measures, immunity, medicine

medicine: antibiotics, anti-viral, anti-malaria

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25
epidemic
a disease outbreak that occurs within a specific geographical area
26
pandemic
a disease outbreak that spreads to multiple areas or the entire globe
27
5 reasons why developing countries are more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics of infectious diseases
overcrowding, malnutrition, cultural attitudes, practices, and inadequate public health systems
28
1st line of defence
physical & chemical barriers | e.g. skin, mucus
29
2nd line of defence
white blood cells, called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria
30
innate
born with it/built-in to the body
31
non-specific
doesn't target any specific pathogens
32
3rd line of defence
33
specific
can differentiate pathogens
34
adaptive immune system
learns and has memory
35
antibody
matches to antigens and identifies for destruction
36
antigen
any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
37
second exposure
the antibodies have already been made for the antigen so the memory cells are stimulated and the antibodies are produced quicker and in larger numbers | this is how vaccine help build immunity against pathogens
38
public health measures that affect disease incidence.
face mask, insect repellant, washing hands frequently, treating water, condoms, social distancing, quarantine, refridgerating food etc.
39
genus of the malaria pathogen
*Plasmodium* | ***Plasmodium falciparum**, vivax, ovale, malarie*
40
malaria host organism to malaria pathogen
any female *Anopheles* mosquito
41
malaria method of transmission
mosquito bites
42
malaria method of prevention/control
insecticides, (vector) environmental modification, and bed nets, prescription medication
43
malaria major signs and symptoms
shivering fits, followed by a high fever, headache and nausea and then profuse sweating. | 10-15 days after being bitten
44
ecosystem
a community of organisms, their physical* enviroment and the interactions that happen between them | *all surronding abiotic factors
45
enviroment
the surroundings of an organism including the physical and chemical environment, and other organisms with which it comes into contact.
46
community
all of the populations of different species that live in a region at a particular time
47
population
population is a subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area
48
habitat
a place where an organism or a community of organisms lives, including all living and nonliving factors or conditions of the surrounding environment
49
biotic factors
feeding, seed dispersal, baitat, competition, pathogens | **living components**
50
abiotic factors
salinity, light intensity air, rainfall, humidity, wnd speed, air & water tempreture | **non-living components**
51
adaptation
a feature that enhances an organism's chance of survival
52
structural adaptation
physical feature | e.g. bird beaks, camel eyelashes
53
physiological adaptation
process within the body (unconcious) | e.g. goosebumps
54
behavioural adaptation
something he organism does (concious) | e.g. migration
55
symbiosis
the relationship between individuals of 2 different species
56
mutualism
a relationship where both organisms benefit | +/+
57
commensalism
a relationship where one organisim benefits and the other one is unaffecteed | +/0
58
parasitism
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed | +/-
59
photosynthesis word equation
energy (sunlight) + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
60
respiration word equation
glucose (simple sugars) + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water
61
photosynthesis molecular equation
energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
62
respiration molecular equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
63
photosynthesis | carbon cycle
CO2 in the air going into plants
64
respiration | carbon cycle
C6H12O6 going from the plants into the air
65
consumption | carbon cycle
carbon going from plants to animals
66
decomposition | carbon cycle
things dying and going into the ground
67
combustion | carbon cycle
carbon going from the groundinto the air
68
assimliation | carbon & nitrogen cycle
the animal/plant absorbing food from the plants/soil
69
nitrogen fixation | nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixing bacteria turing nitrogen gas (N2), into ammonia (NH3)
70
nitrification | nitrogen cycle
nitrifying bacteria turning ammonia (NH3), into nitrite (NO2-) and also into nitrate (NO3-)
71
denitrification | nitrogen cycle
denitrifying bacteria turning nitrate (NO3-), into nitrogen gas (N2)
72
ammonification
decomposers turning dead matter into ammonia (NH3)
73
ammonia | nitrogen cycle
NH3
74
nitrite | nitrogen cycle
NO2-
75
nitrate | nitrogen cycle
NO3-
76
producer
an organism that makes its own energy; photosynthesis | e.g. trees
77
consumer
an organism that obtains energy from other organisms | e.g. foxes
78
decomposer
organisms that break down energy rich molecules in dead organisms & their waste into simple molecules | e.g. fungi
79
predator
consume organisms that they actively hunt | e.g. wolf
80
prey
are actively hunted by predators | e.g. rabbit
81
trophic level
hierachal level in an ecposystem
82
biomagnification
increase in concentration of a pollutant from one trophic level to another
83
introduced species
an organmism that isn't native to a place or area that it was brought it
84
biological control
the method to reduce or eliminate populations of invasive species by introducing a predator, competitor, or pathogen
85
deforestation
the removal of native vegetation where the predominant plant is a tree over 2m in height
86
high biodiversity
many different species, the ecopsystem is more resiliant

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