Biology 2 - Cells and cell processes

Question 1

Cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All organisms are made of cell(s)
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. They are formed from cell division

Question 2

3 types of microscope

Answer 2

Light, electron and confocal laser scanning (computers)

Question 3

4 types of microbes

Answer 3

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae

Question 4

Properties of bacteria

Answer 4

Cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, reproduce by dividing in 2

Question 5

Properties of fungi (yeast)

Answer 5

Cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, reproduce by budding (asexual)

Question 6

Properties of viruses

Answer 6

Protein coat surrounding genes, reproduce in host cell

Question 7

Properties of algae

Answer 7

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, reproduce by dividing in 2, chloroplasts

Question 8

Arguments for and against if viruses are living cells

Answer 8

For- have genes and can reproduce

Against- no cytoplasm, cell membrane and can be crystallised

Question 9

Explain virus reproduction

Answer 9

Stick to membrane of host cell
Enters cell
Protein coat breaks down 
Genes are released 
New protein coats formed
More viruses made
Cell bursts and viruses are released

Question 10

What do plant and animal cells have in common?

Answer 10

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 11

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t and what are their functions?

Answer 11

Vacuole- just a space tbh, filled with sugar solutions and mineral salts

Chloroplasts- absorb light for photosynthesis

Cell wall- supports the cell

Question 12

What’s the function of
A) nucleus
B) cell membrane
C) cytoplasm

Answer 12

A) controls cell
B) controls what enters and leaves cell
C) where chemical reactions occur

Question 13

What are enzymes?

Answer 13

Biological catalysts - control and speed up reactions

Question 14

What are proteins made of?

Answer 14

Amino acids

Question 15

How do enzymes work?

Answer 15

Lock and key

1. Enzyme and substrate
2. Enzyme-substrate complex
3. Enzyme and products

Question 16

What affects enzymes?

Answer 16

Temperature (can get denatured if temp is too high)

pH

Concentration

Question 17

Properties of enzymes

Answer 17

They’re proteins, specific and have optimum conditions

Question 18

What do biological washing powders contain that allow them to be washed at low temperatures

Answer 18

Digestive enzymes

Question 19

Name the 4 nitrogenous bases (in their pairs)

Answer 19

A= adenine
T= thymine

C= cytosine
G= guanine

Question 20

What’s the structure of DNA called and who discovered it?

Answer 20

Double helix

James Watson
Francis Crick

Question 21

How does DNA work?

Answer 21

3 bases- triplet
Triplets code for amino acids
Amino acids link to form proteins

Question 22

What’s the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 22

Mitosis- growth and repair, genetically identical, two cells produced, contains same amount of chromosomes

Meiosis- reproduction, sex cells, genetically different, half the amount of chromosomes, 4 gametes produced

Question 23

Define stem cells

Answer 23

Unspecialised cells which have the ability to develop into other cells

Question 24

2 types of stem cells and their pros and cons

What are they used for?

Answer 24

Adult- body will accept cells but it’s complicated and still being developed

Embryonic- readily available from IVF but involves destruction of human life

Good for treatments and cures of diseases and replacing damaged tissues