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Biology > Biology 1b > Flashcards

Biology 1b Flashcards

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0
Q

How has arctic animals adapted?

A

Small SA
well insulated
Camouflage

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1
Q

How have desert animals adapted?

A

Large SA
Concentrated urine
Thin layers of body fat and coat
Camouflage

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2
Q

How have desert animals adapted?

A

Small surface area
Water storage tissues
Shallow extensive roots

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3
Q

How have plants and animals adapted to deter predators?

A

Armour
Poisons
Waning colours

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4
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

A microorganism adapted to extreme conditions like salty lakes, high pressure, hot volcanic vents

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5
Q

What to plants compete for?

A

Light
Space
Water
Minerals

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6
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Territory
Water
Food
Mates

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7
Q

What living factors are there?

A

Infectious disease
Prey
Predators
Competitors

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8
Q

What non living factors are there?

A

Temperature
Rainfall
Pollution

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9
Q

How do environmental changes affect population?

A

Pop size increases
Pop size decreases
Distribution changes

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10
Q

What are indicator species?

A

Organisms sensitive to changes in their environment

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11
Q

What are lichen?

A

Sensitive to sulfur dioxide, lots of lichen means clean air

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12
Q

What does mayflae larvae indicate?

A

Clean water

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13
Q

What species indicate polluted conditions?

A

Sludge worms

Rat tail Maggots

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14
Q

What non living indicators are there?

A

Satellites measure sea surface temp
Automatic weather stations
Rain gauges
Dissolved oxygen meter

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15
Q

How does energy disappear in food chains?

A

Respiration for movement
Hear
Inedible material
Waste

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16
Q

What I a stable community?

A

Materials taken out balanced by those out back in

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17
Q

What conditions do microorganisms work best in?

A

Warm and moist and oxygen

18
Q

How is carbon recycled back into atmosphere?

A

Combustion
Respiration
Decay

19
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

Genes inherited by both parents

20
Q

What characteristics are determined by genetics?!

A

Blood group

Eye colour

21
Q

What characteristics are influenced by environment?

A 
Skin colour
Disfigurement 
Weight
Height 
Teeth condition
22
Q

What controls characteristics?

A

Genes

23
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different variations of the same gene

24
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of gametes

Genetic variation

25
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

No fusion of gametes or mixing of chromosomes so they’re genetically identical

26
Q

How to cuttings work?

A

Cuttings from good plant
Plant in moist conditions
Produce genetically identical copies
QUICK AND CHEAP

27
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

Plant cells grown in culture medium with hormones

QUICK AND LITTLE SPACE

28
Q

What are embryo transplants?

A

Sperm cells from prize bull and egg cells from prize cow
Embryo fertilised and splits
Cloned embryos implanted in lots of other cows
Hundreds of ideal offspring produced

29
Q

What is adult cell cloning?

A 
Remove nucleus from egg cell
Remove nucleus from adult body cell
Put Nucleus in egg cell 
Electric shock
Embryo divides 
Implanted in adult female
DOLLY THE SHEEP!!!
30
Q

What issues surround cloning?

A 
❌Reduced gene pool
❌Not as healthy 
❌Unsuccessful and harming attempts 
✔️preserve endangered species
✔️understand age related disorders
31
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Cut useful gene with enzymes
Cut chromosome and then insert useful gene
Can be inserted into bacteria and grown an people with diabetes use it

32
Q

Why have genes been transferred into animals and plants?

A

GM crops resistant to viruses
Sheep produce drugs in milk
Gene therapy (inserting working genes into sufferers)

33
Q

What are the prod and cons of GM crops?

A 
✔️increase yield of crop 
✔️provide nutrients
✔️grown elsewhere without problems
❌reduce farmland biodiversity 
❌herbicide resistance
❌not safe
34
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

More than 3 billion years ago, life began on earth as simple organisms from which complex organisms have evolved

35
Q

What are evolutionary relationships?

A

Recent common ancestor

Look alike

36
Q

Eat are ecological relationships?

A

Similar characterises suggest they’re in competition

Differences show predator-prey relationships

37
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Show variation
Useful characteristics
Survive
Pass on genes to next generation

38
Q

Why does evolution occur?

A

Mutations of DNA

39
Q

Why didn’t people agree with Darwin?

A

Went against religious beliefs
Couldn’t give a good explanation about genes
Wasn’t enough evidence

40
Q

What were Lamarks ideas?

A

Used a lot and would become more developed

Acquired characteristics past onto next generation

41
Q

Why might scientists develop different hypotheses?

A

Beliefs
Influence by others
Think differently

42
Q

Why was Lamarks hypothesis rejected?

A

Experiments didn’t support hypothesis e.g. Hamster dyed fur

43
Q

Why was Darwin’s theory more accepted?

A

Discovery of genes

Biology (2 decks)

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