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Biology > Biology 1a > Flashcards

Biology 1a Flashcards

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0
Q

What do fats do?

A

Keep warm and release energy

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1
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Release energy

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2
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Growth, cell repair, cell replacement

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3
Q

What does fibre do?

A

Keep things running smoothly in digestive system

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4
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the cells of the body

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5
Q

What factors increase metabolic rate?

A 
Muscle proportion
Physically bigger people
Sex
Regular exercise
Active job
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6
Q

What does eating too much lead to?

A 
Obesity
Arthritis
Type 2 diabetes 
Cancer
Heart disease
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7
Q

What does saturated fat do?

A

Increase blood cholesterol

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8
Q

What does too much salt cause?

A

High blood pressure

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9
Q

What does eating too little cause?

A

Slow growth
Fatigue
Infection
Irregular periods

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10
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

Damage cells

Produce toxins

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11
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Invade cells and replicate using cells machinery, burst cells when released, cell damage makes ill

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12
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help blood clot to seal wounds

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13
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Consume foreign cells
Produce antibodies which lock onto specific antigens
Produce antitoxins to neutralise invading bacterial toxins

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14
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Inactive/dead pathogen injected
Antibodies produced
Live appear after, white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill of pathogen

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15
Q

What are pros of vaccinations?

A

Helped control infectious diseases

Epidemics prevented

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16
Q

What are cons of vaccinations?

A

Don’t always work

Bad reactions

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17
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A

Difficult to destroy virus without killing body cells as viruses replicate inside the cells.

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18
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibodies?

A

Bacteria mutate
Bacteria resistant
Resistant strains survive and reproduce
Natural selection

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19
Q

How can antibiotics be investigated?

A

Grown in culture medium
Agar jelly
Contains carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins
Inoculating loops transfer microorganisms
Paper disks soaked in bacteria are placed on jelly

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20
Q

What must be done to test antibiotics?

A

Sterilised equipment
Lid
25 degrees Celsius as harmful pathogens are unlikely to grow at this temperature

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21
Q

What did Semmelweis do?

A

Doctors use antiseptic solution

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22
Q

What is scary about bacteria?

A

Mutate
Resistant strains
Epidemic

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23
Q

What is scary about viruses?

A

Mutate often

Pandemic

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24
Q

What is a stumiulus?

A

Change in environment

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25
Q

What are receptors?

A

Groups of cells sensitive to stimulus

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26
Q

What is the sequence of a response?

A 
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone 
Effector
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27
Q

How do synapses work?

A

Chemicals diffuse across gap

28
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Synapse
Relay neurone
Synapse
Motor neurone
Effector 
Response (muscle contracts)
29
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood to activate target cells

30
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves are fast and hormones are slow

Nerves act for a short time on a precise area whereas hormones act for a long time in a general way

31
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Produced by pituitary gland
Causes egg to mature in ovaries
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

32
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

Produces in ovaries
Stimulates pituitary to release LH
Inhibits further release of FSH

33
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinising Hormone
Produced by pituitary gland
Causes egg to be release at middle of cycle

34
Q

What can be done to reduce fertility?

A

Take oestrogen which inhibits the release of FSH and progesterone which productise thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm getting through and reaching an egg

35
Q

What are the pros of taking the pill?

A

Over 99% effective

Reduces some types of cancer

36
Q

What are the cons of taking the pill?

A

Not 100% effective
Can cause side effects such as nausea and irregular menstrual bleeding
Doesn’t protect from STD’s

37
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of taking the progesterone only pill?

A

Less side effects but less effective

38
Q

What can be taken to increase fertility and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

FSH and LH to stimulate egg maturing and release
Advantage: get pregnant
Disadvantage: doesn’t always work, can result in multiple pregnancies

39
Q

What is IVF and what are the pros and cons?

A 
Collect eggs from ovaries and fertilise in lab with sperm, grown into embryos 
Pro: child
Con: strong bad reaction e.g. Vomiting
Increased risk of cancer
Multiple births which are risky
40
Q

What is the main plant growth hormone?

A

Auxin

41
Q

What do auxins control plant growth in response to?

A

Light (phototropism) gravity (geotropism) and moisture

42
Q

Auxins promote growth in…

A

Shoot

43
Q

Auxins inhibit growth in…

A

Root

44
Q

When shoots are exposed to light, where does auIn accumulate?

A

On the shaded sight so cells grow faster and elongate on this side

45
Q

When a shoot grows side ways where does auxin accumulate?

A

On lower side so elongated under to grow upwards

46
Q

What happens when roots grow sideways?

A

Auxin accumulates on lower side which inhibits growth so roots grow downwards

47
Q

What happens with auxin when there is moisture?

A

Auxin accumulates in side next to moisture which inhibits growth on that side so roots grow towards moisture.

48
Q

What uses to plant hormones have in agriculture?

A

Rooting powder

Selective weedkillers

49
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

50
Q

What is controlled In homeostasis?

A

Ion content
Water content
Sugar content
Temperature

51
Q

How is ion content regulated?

A

By the kidneys - some lost in urine, some lost in sweat

52
Q

How is water lost by the body?

A

Sweat
Breath
Urine

53
Q

How is body temp controlled?

A

Thermoregulatory centre in brain which is sensitive to blood temperature and receives messages from skin which provides messages about skin temperature.

54
Q

How is blood sugar level controlled?

A

Insulin hormone maintains constant supply of glucose for energy

55
Q

What do drugs do to the body?

A

Change the body chemistry and cause addiction

56
Q

What are the goes and againsts of performance enhancing drugs?

A

Against: unfair if people gain an advantage, serious health risks such as high blood pressure
For: right to make own decisions, drug free sport isn’t that fair anyway e.g. Access to different training facilities, coached and equipment

57
Q

What are statins?

A

Lower risk if heart and circulatory disease
Evidence that lower blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease
Big sample
Control group = reproducible

58
Q

What is cannabis?

A

Illegal drug

Unsure if causes mental health problems

59
Q

What are the three main stages in drug testing?

A
  1. Human cells and tissues.
  2. Live animals to find toxicity (how harmful) and dosage (dose at which it’s most effective).
    Law = tested in two live mammals before given to humans.
  3. On human volunteers in a clinical trial. First on healthy volunteers to check for harmful side effects when body works normally.
    Then tested on ill to find optimum dose (most effective with least side effects).
60
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Substance like the drug but doesn’t do anything.

61
Q

Why is there two groups in drug trials?

A

To allow for placebo effect to see if it actually works or is psychological

62
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither the patient or doctor knows if it is a placebo in order to avoid subconscious influences on the results.

63
Q

When have things previously gone wrong in drug testing?

A

Thalidomide in 1950s which was devolved as a sleeping pill and tested for that use but was found effective for relieving morning sickness. It hadn’t been tested for this and affected the fetid resulting in abnormal limb development for over 10,000 babies. The drug was banned and has recently been used to treat leprosy and other diseases e.g. Some cancers.

64
Q

Why do people use recreational drugs?

A 
Relaxation
Stress relief
Inspiration
Enjoyment
Get stoned
Pain relief (e.g. Multiple sclerosis)
65
Q

What are the links between cannabis and hard drugs?

A

Stepping stone - desire for stronger
Gateway drug - contact with dealers
Genetics - already users more likely

66
Q

What effects does tobacco bring on people and society?

A

Heart and lung disease
Cancer
Addictive
Costs lots for NHS

67
Q

What effects does alcohol bring on people and society?

A

Slows body’s reactions
Impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness
Liver disease and brain damage
Addictive
Expensive in NHS and cause crime which costs as well as lost working days
Sorrow and anguish to people affected either directly or indirectly

Biology (2 decks)

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