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Biology 1a Flashcards

0
Q

What do fats do?

A

Keep warm and release energy

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1
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Release energy

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2
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Growth, cell repair, cell replacement

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3
Q

What does fibre do?

A

Keep things running smoothly in digestive system

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4
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the cells of the body

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5
Q

What factors increase metabolic rate?

A 
Muscle proportion
Physically bigger people
Sex
Regular exercise
Active job
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6
Q

What does eating too much lead to?

A 
Obesity
Arthritis
Type 2 diabetes 
Cancer
Heart disease
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7
Q

What does saturated fat do?

A

Increase blood cholesterol

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8
Q

What does too much salt cause?

A

High blood pressure

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9
Q

What does eating too little cause?

A

Slow growth
Fatigue
Infection
Irregular periods

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10
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

Damage cells

Produce toxins

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11
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Invade cells and replicate using cells machinery, burst cells when released, cell damage makes ill

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12
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help blood clot to seal wounds

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13
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Consume foreign cells
Produce antibodies which lock onto specific antigens
Produce antitoxins to neutralise invading bacterial toxins

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14
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Inactive/dead pathogen injected
Antibodies produced
Live appear after, white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill of pathogen

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15
Q

What are pros of vaccinations?

A

Helped control infectious diseases

Epidemics prevented

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16
Q

What are cons of vaccinations?

A

Don’t always work

Bad reactions

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17
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A

Difficult to destroy virus without killing body cells as viruses replicate inside the cells.

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18
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibodies?

A

Bacteria mutate
Bacteria resistant
Resistant strains survive and reproduce
Natural selection

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19
Q

How can antibiotics be investigated?

A

Grown in culture medium
Agar jelly
Contains carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins
Inoculating loops transfer microorganisms
Paper disks soaked in bacteria are placed on jelly

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20
Q

What must be done to test antibiotics?

A

Sterilised equipment
Lid
25 degrees Celsius as harmful pathogens are unlikely to grow at this temperature

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21
Q

What did Semmelweis do?

A

Doctors use antiseptic solution

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22
Q

What is scary about bacteria?

A

Mutate
Resistant strains
Epidemic

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23
Q

What is scary about viruses?

A

Mutate often

Pandemic

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24
What is a stumiulus?
Change in environment
25
What are receptors?
Groups of cells sensitive to stimulus
26
What is the sequence of a response?
``` Receptor Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Effector ```
27
How do synapses work?
Chemicals diffuse across gap
28
What is a reflex arc?
``` Stimulus Receptor Sensory neurone Synapse Relay neurone Synapse Motor neurone Effector Response (muscle contracts) ```
29
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that travel in the blood to activate target cells
30
What are the differences between nerves and hormones?
Nerves are fast and hormones are slow | Nerves act for a short time on a precise area whereas hormones act for a long time in a general way
31
What is FSH?
Follicle stimulating hormone Produced by pituitary gland Causes egg to mature in ovaries Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
32
What is oestrogen?
Produces in ovaries Stimulates pituitary to release LH Inhibits further release of FSH
33
What is LH?
Luteinising Hormone Produced by pituitary gland Causes egg to be release at middle of cycle
34
What can be done to reduce fertility?
Take oestrogen which inhibits the release of FSH and progesterone which productise thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm getting through and reaching an egg
35
What are the pros of taking the pill?
Over 99% effective | Reduces some types of cancer
36
What are the cons of taking the pill?
Not 100% effective Can cause side effects such as nausea and irregular menstrual bleeding Doesn't protect from STD's
37
What are the advantages and disadvantages of taking the progesterone only pill?
Less side effects but less effective
38
What can be taken to increase fertility and what are the advantages and disadvantages?
FSH and LH to stimulate egg maturing and release Advantage: get pregnant Disadvantage: doesn't always work, can result in multiple pregnancies
39
What is IVF and what are the pros and cons?
``` Collect eggs from ovaries and fertilise in lab with sperm, grown into embryos Pro: child Con: strong bad reaction e.g. Vomiting Increased risk of cancer Multiple births which are risky ```
40
What is the main plant growth hormone?
Auxin
41
What do auxins control plant growth in response to?
Light (phototropism) gravity (geotropism) and moisture
42
Auxins promote growth in...
Shoot
43
Auxins inhibit growth in...
Root
44
When shoots are exposed to light, where does auIn accumulate?
On the shaded sight so cells grow faster and elongate on this side
45
When a shoot grows side ways where does auxin accumulate?
On lower side so elongated under to grow upwards
46
What happens when roots grow sideways?
Auxin accumulates on lower side which inhibits growth so roots grow downwards
47
What happens with auxin when there is moisture?
Auxin accumulates in side next to moisture which inhibits growth on that side so roots grow towards moisture.
48
What uses to plant hormones have in agriculture?
Rooting powder | Selective weedkillers
49
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
50
What is controlled In homeostasis?
Ion content Water content Sugar content Temperature
51
How is ion content regulated?
By the kidneys - some lost in urine, some lost in sweat
52
How is water lost by the body?
Sweat Breath Urine
53
How is body temp controlled?
Thermoregulatory centre in brain which is sensitive to blood temperature and receives messages from skin which provides messages about skin temperature.
54
How is blood sugar level controlled?
Insulin hormone maintains constant supply of glucose for energy
55
What do drugs do to the body?
Change the body chemistry and cause addiction
56
What are the goes and againsts of performance enhancing drugs?
Against: unfair if people gain an advantage, serious health risks such as high blood pressure For: right to make own decisions, drug free sport isn't that fair anyway e.g. Access to different training facilities, coached and equipment
57
What are statins?
Lower risk if heart and circulatory disease Evidence that lower blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease Big sample Control group = reproducible
58
What is cannabis?
Illegal drug | Unsure if causes mental health problems
59
What are the three main stages in drug testing?
1. Human cells and tissues. 2. Live animals to find toxicity (how harmful) and dosage (dose at which it's most effective). Law = tested in two live mammals before given to humans. 3. On human volunteers in a clinical trial. First on healthy volunteers to check for harmful side effects when body works normally. Then tested on ill to find optimum dose (most effective with least side effects).
60
What is a placebo?
Substance like the drug but doesn't do anything.
61
Why is there two groups in drug trials?
To allow for placebo effect to see if it actually works or is psychological
62
What is a double blind trial?
Neither the patient or doctor knows if it is a placebo in order to avoid subconscious influences on the results.
63
When have things previously gone wrong in drug testing?
Thalidomide in 1950s which was devolved as a sleeping pill and tested for that use but was found effective for relieving morning sickness. It hadn't been tested for this and affected the fetid resulting in abnormal limb development for over 10,000 babies. The drug was banned and has recently been used to treat leprosy and other diseases e.g. Some cancers.
64
Why do people use recreational drugs?
``` Relaxation Stress relief Inspiration Enjoyment Get stoned Pain relief (e.g. Multiple sclerosis) ```
65
What are the links between cannabis and hard drugs?
Stepping stone - desire for stronger Gateway drug - contact with dealers Genetics - already users more likely
66
What effects does tobacco bring on people and society?
Heart and lung disease Cancer Addictive Costs lots for NHS
67
What effects does alcohol bring on people and society?
Slows body's reactions Impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness Liver disease and brain damage Addictive Expensive in NHS and cause crime which costs as well as lost working days Sorrow and anguish to people affected either directly or indirectly

Biology (2 decks)

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