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BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

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2
Q

Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus, who developed the Linnaean classification system and binomial nomenclature.

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3
Q

What is the importance of classification?

A

Helps in systematic identification, avoids confusion in naming species, and shows evolutionary relationships.

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4
Q

What are the 7 main taxonomic ranks?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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5
Q

What is the broadest classification level?

A

Kingdom.

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6
Q

What is the most specific classification level?

A

Species.

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7
Q

How are species named?

A

Using binomial nomenclature (Genus + species, e.g., Homo sapiens).

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8
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

A

Six: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaea.

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9
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell wall, capable of movement.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Animalia

A

Includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and invertebrates.

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11
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, cell walls made of cellulose, perform photosynthesis.

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12
Q

Characteristics of Plantae

A

Includes flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and mosses.

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13
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophic decomposers, cell walls made of chitin.

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14
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Includes mushrooms, yeast, and molds; obtain nutrients by breaking down organic matter.

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15
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, mixed modes of nutrition, includes algae and amoeba.

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16
Q

Characteristics of Protista

A

Includes protozoa (animal-like), algae (plant-like), and slime molds (fungus-like).

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17
Q

Kingdom Eubacteria

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, peptidoglycan cell wall, includes common bacteria like E. coli.

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18
Q

Characteristics of Eubacteria

A

Can be found in various environments, some are beneficial, others cause diseases.

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19
Q

Kingdom Archaea

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, no peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments (halophiles, thermophiles).

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20
Q

Characteristics of Archaea

A

Often found in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes.

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21
Q

What is a Phylum?

A

A major division within a kingdom based on body plan and structure.

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22
Q

Examples of Phyla in Animalia

A

Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropoda (insects, crabs), Mollusca (snails, octopuses).

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23
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

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24
Q

Examples of Phyla in Plantae

A

Bryophyta (mosses), Tracheophyta (ferns, flowering plants).

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25
Examples of Phyla in Fungi
Ascomycota (yeasts), Basidiomycota (mushrooms).
26
What is a Class?
A more specific division within a phylum, grouping organisms with shared traits.
27
Examples of Classes in Chordata
Mammalia (mammals), Aves (birds), Reptilia (reptiles), Amphibia (amphibians), Pisces (fish).
28
Class Mammalia
Warm-blooded, have fur/hair, give birth to live young, produce milk.
29
Characteristics of Mammalia
Possess mammary glands, live birth (except monotremes), four-chambered heart.
30
Class Aves
Warm-blooded, have feathers, lay eggs, hollow bones for flight.
31
Class Reptilia
Cold-blooded, scaly skin, lay eggs, includes snakes, turtles, and lizards.
32
Class Amphibia
Can live in water and on land, undergo metamorphosis, includes frogs and salamanders.
33
Class Pisces
Cold-blooded, gills for breathing, live in water, includes fish.
34
What is an Order?
A division within a class based on specific traits and behaviors.
35
Examples of Orders in Mammals
Primates (monkeys, humans), Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears), Rodentia (rats, squirrels).
36
Order Primates
Highly developed brains, grasping hands, includes humans, apes, and monkeys.
37
Order Carnivora
Sharp teeth for eating meat, includes lions, wolves, and bears.
38
Order Rodentia
Gnawing animals with continuously growing front teeth, includes rats and squirrels.
39
What is a Family?
A group of closely related genera.
40
Example Family in Primates
Hominidae (great apes including humans, chimpanzees, gorillas).
41
What is a Genus?
A group of species with similar characteristics but distinct traits.
42
Example Genus
Homo (includes Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis).
43
What is a Species?
The most specific classification level; organisms can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
44
Example Species
Homo sapiens (modern humans).
45
Mnemonic for Taxonomy
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
46
Why is classification important in Biology?
It helps scientists communicate, organize biodiversity, and understand evolutionary relationships.
47
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
A system of naming species using two names: Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase).
48
Example of Binomial Nomenclature
Canis lupus (gray wolf), Felis catus (domestic cat).
49
What is the Three-Domain System?
A modern classification system dividing life into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
50
Domains of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
51
Domain Bacteria
Includes prokaryotic organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls.
52
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic organisms without peptidoglycan, often found in extreme environments.
53
Domain Eukarya
Includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
54
What are Prokaryotic Cells?
Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
55
Example of Prokaryotic Organisms
Bacteria and Archaea.
56
Key Features of Prokaryotic Cells
No nucleus, DNA in a nucleoid region, small size, reproduce by binary fission.
57
What are Eukaryotic Cells?
Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
58
Example of Eukaryotic Organisms
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
59
Key Features of Eukaryotic Cells
Has a nucleus, larger in size, contains organelles like mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
60
Difference in DNA Storage
Prokaryotic: DNA floats in the cytoplasm (nucleoid). Eukaryotic: DNA is inside the nucleus.
61
Difference in Reproduction
Prokaryotic: Binary fission. Eukaryotic: Mitosis or meiosis.
62
Do Prokaryotic Cells Have Organelles?
They lack membrane-bound organelles but have ribosomes.
63
Do Eukaryotic Cells Have a Cell Wall?
Plants and fungi have a cell wall, but animals do not.
64
Size Comparison
Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.1-5 µm), while eukaryotic cells are larger (10-100 µm).

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