Biology Flashcards
Cell hierarchy
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Three main types of tissues in plant cells
Dermal-same function as skin
Ground-preforms variety of functions depending on its location
Vascular-transports water, nutrients, sugars throughout plant
Name plant specialized cells
Guard cells and root hair cells
Name animal specialized cells
Muscle cells and neurons
Name plant tissue and organ
Leaf tissue
Organ example is leaves
Name animal tissue and organ
Muscle tissue and organ is the heart
What are the four main types of animal tissue
Epithelial-protective barrier
Muscle-allows for movement, there’s three types-skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Connective-provides structure and support to body
Nervous-neurons transmit signals throughout body allowing for communication
Name the three systems
Digestive, circulatory, respiratory
Explain digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
It breaks down food to use for energy and nutrients. It stores waste before its excreted through the anus
Explain circulatory system
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Transports substances like water and glucose through the body
Explain respiratory system
Mouth/nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Purpose is breathing/gas exchange
What are the three reasons for cell division
Reproduction, growth, replace/repair
What are specialized and stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can preform any function
Specialized cells preform a certain function
What’s cancer and cell mutation
Uncontrolled mitosis and cell growth
Cell mutation is a random change is cell DNA during DNA replication. It causes the body to dedicate all the energy to the cancerous cells, which kills the body
What are tumours and the two types
They are clusters of cells that are going through uncontrolled mitosis
Benign-not cancerous and doesn’t spread
Malignant-cancerous and metastasis occurs sometimes(when cancer spreads from original source)
What’s eukaryotic
Multicellular or single celled
It has a nucleus and organelles
What’s prokaryotic
Single celled with no nucleus
To be considered living, what do all living things require
Energy
Has to be composed of cells
Has to reproduce
Maintains homeostasis
Evolves and adapts
Displays hereditary
What’s the cell theory
All cells came from pre-existing cells
All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic function and structural unit of life
Explain cytokinesis
It’s the 2nd part of mitosis, where two identical cells are produced
Animal-cleavage furrow develops
Plant-cell plate develops, which gradually becomes a cell wall
Cell will not divide if the DNA is damaged or wasn’t replicated and if it doesn’t have enough nutrients
Explain mitosis
The 2nd stage of the cell cycle. It’s the division of cells.
At the end of mitosis, the cell is still one, but the contents of its nucleus are divided into two
Explain the stages of mitosis
PMAT
Prophase-chromosomes and spindle fibres form. Nuclear membrane dissolves
Metaphase-spindle fibres attach the chromosomes and line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase-spindle fibres shorten and pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase-chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and unwind. Spindle fibres dissolve and new nuclear membrane is formed
Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
It’s the most important reason cells divide and is essential for survival of species.
Asexual
One parent, fast and energy efficient, offspring is genetically identical to parent, no or little genetic variation, mitosis
Example-bacteria, plants and simple animals
Sexual
Two parents, slow and energy consuming, high genetic variation, meiosis and fertilization, offspring is genetically unique
Example-humans, animals and many plants
Explain repair and replace
Happens through mitosis and important so that small injuries don’t become life threatening.
Process is injury detection, mitosis, tissue regeneration
