Biology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is biology?
A
Scientific study of life and living things.
2
Q
What is a living thing?
A
A living thing is an organism that is actually alive or once was living. Living things possess or show characteristics of life … the life processes.
3
Q
What are the seven life processes?
A
- Movement. 2. Reproduction. 3. Growth. 4. Nutrition. 5. Sensitivity. 6. Respiration. 7. Excretion.
4
Q
Reproduction means…
A
Reproduction is producing offspring.
5
Q
Movement means…
A
Movement means moving parts of the body.
6
Q
Nutrition means…
A
Nutrition means getting food to stay alive.
7
Q
Growth means…
A
Growth means getting into adult size.
8
Q
Sensitivity means:
A
Sensitivity means responding and reacting.
9
Q
Respiration means…
A
Respiration means turning food into energy.
10
Q
Excretion means
A
Excretion means getting rid of waste.
11
Q
Each organism is made of …
A
Each organism is made of CELLS.
12
Q
Cells are..
A
Cells are microscopic building blocks for life.
13
Q
Cells join together in their millions to form..
A
Cells join together in their millions to form TISSUES.
14
Q
Tissues form …
A
Tissues form ORGANS.
15
Q
The Animal Kingdom is made up of…
A
vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (animals without a backbone).
16
Q
Vertebrates are made up of
A
- mammals, 2. fish, 3. birds, 4. reptiles, 5. amphibians.
17
Q
Invertebrates are made up of:
A
- Echinoderms, 2. Molluscs, 3. coelenterates, 4. worms, 5 arthropods.
18
Q
Echinoderms are..
A
Echinoderms are animals with spiny skin e.g. starfish and sea urchins.
19
Q
Molluscs are…
A
Molluscs are animals with a fleshy foot and usually a shell for example a slug or a snail.
20
Q
Coelenterates are…
A
Coelenterates marine animals with hollow bodies for example jelly fish and sea anemone.
21
Q
Worms are…
A
Worms are animals with bodies that are divided by rings or segments for example earth and annelid worms.
22
Q
Arthropods are…
A
Animals with hard outer skeletons and jointed limbs. Arthropods are the largest group in the animal kingdom.
23
Q
Arthropods are themselves divided into 4 smaller groups. These are…
A
Arthropods are sub-divided into the following four smaller groups: 1. insects, 2. spiders, 3. crustaceans, 4. centipedes and millipedes.
24
Q
Insects have…
A
Insects have 6 legs, three body parts and usually wings.
25
Spiders have...
Spiders have 8 legs and two body parts.
26
Crustaceans have...
Crustaceans (e.g. crabs) have 10-14 legs.
27
Centipedes and millipedes have...
Centipedes and millipedes have many legs and a body made up of many segments.
28
Characteristics of fish:
1. breathe with gills
2. lay "jelly" eggs in water
3. have fins and scales
4. body temperature changes
5. live in water.
29
Characteristics of amphibians:
1. Born with gills and develop lungs
2. lay "jelly" eggs in water
3. damp, thin, skin
4. body temperature changes
5. live on land and in water
30
Characteristics of reptiles:
1. breathe with lungs
2. lay leathery eggs, mainly on land
3. dry, waterproof, scaly skin
4. body temperature changes.
31
Characteristics of birds:
1. Breathe with lungs
2. lay eggs with hard shells on land
3. feathers
4. steady body temperature in all environments
5. have wings (although cannot always fly).
32
Characteristics of mammals:
1. breathe with lungs
2. offspring born live after internal development
3. body hair or fur
4. steady body temperature in all environments
5. possess mammary glands to suckle young.
33
continuous variation means..
Continuous variation is a characteristic that changes gradually over a range of values.
My hand span is 18cm. Handspan is an example of continuous variation.
34
Discontinuous variation means...
Discontinuous variation is a characteristic with only a limited number of possible values.
Examples include: hand clasping, nose shape, holes in ears and fingerprints.
35
Describe what "natural selection" means...
1. Offspring of plants and animals naturally vary from their parents.
2. These variations are passed down through the generations.
3. Species produce more offspring than availability of resources such as food, space and support.
4. There follows a struggle for resources.
5. Those individuals with competitive advantageous variation are more likely to survive.
6. This competitive edge is passed on to the next generation leading to species evolution.
36
What is the value of studying genetics.
The value of studying genetics is in understanding how we can *predict the **likelihood** of **inheriting** a particular **characteristic***.
This can help plant and animal breeders to *develop particular qualities*.
37
What is a genotype?
A genotype is a set of genes carried from specific characteristics.
38
What is a phenotype?
A phenotype is the observed characteristics.
39
What are Punnett squares?
Punnett squares are graphical ways of demonstrating potential genotypes.
40
What is genetic drift?
"Survival of the luckiest". Sewall Wright recognised that it is not always the survival of the fittest but sometimes survival of the luckiest. Just being in the right place at the right time. This is especially true for small populations and the process is called "genetic drift".
41
What is ecology?
Ecology is a branch of science that studies interactions between living organisms and between organisms and their habitat. Ecologists are increasingly looking at how actions of humans affect these interactions.
42
What are microorganisms?
Microorganisms are living things which are too small to see with the naked eye. These can include species of bacteria and fungi.
43
What are the functions of the human skeleton?
The human skeleton:
1) supports your body;
2) protects your vital organs
* skull (cranium) protects the brain
* rib cage - protects the heart, lungs and liver; and
* verterbral column (spine) - protects the spinal cord
3) enables you to move - it allows pairs of muscles to be attached.
44
What are joints?
Joints are formed where two or more bones meet. They enable the body to move. Different types of joints allow different levels of movement.
Joints can be **fixed or fused** like those in the skull and these allow no movement.
Some joints allow limited movements such as in your vertebra.
However, most joints are **synovial or moveable** joints. **Hinge** joints such as your elbow allow movement in one direction only. **Ball and socket** joints allow movement in all directions i.e. your shoulder.
45
What do muscles do?
Muscles **enable** movement. Muscles suually work across moveable joints and they work in pairs called **antagonistic pairs.** Muscles can only work by pulling or shortening. As one muscle pulls, its antagonistic pair relaxes and lengthens.
In the elbow the **bicep** pulls to bend the arm and the **triceps** pulls to straighten the arm.
46
Name the functions and facts of the appendix.
Function: Not known
Facts: Rich in infection fighting cells.
47
Name the functions and facts of the bladder
Function: stores urine.
Facts: Adult bladder can hold 1 pint.
48
Name the functions and facts of the brain.
Function: Your body's control centre.
Facts: controls movement, responses, memory, ability to think, senses etc.
49
Name the functions and facts of the gall bladder.
Function: stores and concentrates bile.
Facts: The bile breaks down fat in your food.
50
Name the functions and facts of the genitals.
Functions: part of the reproductive system.
Facts:
Male produce and deliver sperm.
Female produce eggs.
51
Name the functions and facts of the gullet.
Functions: aids passage of food from mouth to stomach.
Facts: also called the oesophagus.
52
Name the functions and facts of the heart.
Function: pumps blood around the body.
Facts: your heart works constantly without any rest.
53
Name the functions and facts of the kidney.
Functions: urine manufacture
Facts: Filters blookd removing excess water and soluble waste products.
54
Name the functions and facts of the large intestine.
Functions: converts food waste products into faeces.
Facts: It is a 1.5m long tube and the final part of the digestive tract.
55
Name the functions and facts of the liver.
Functions: removes toxins, maintains blood sugar (glucose) levels and produces bile.
Facts: it is the largest internal organ.
56
Name the functions and facts of the lungs.
Functions: oxygen delivery and carbon-dioxide removal from blood.
Facts: left lung is slightly smaller than the right (to make room for the heart)
57
Name the functions and facts of the pancreas.
Functions: secretes digestive enzymes and hormones.
Facts: secreted hormones (insulin) control blood sugar levels.
58
Name the functions and facts of the skin.
Functions: protects your body from damage, infection and drying out.
Facts: largest organ with a surfce area of around 2m2
59
Name the functions and facts of the small intestine.
Functions: chemical digesting of food and absorption of nutrients.
Facts: it is around 5m long and is called "small" because of its diameter.
60
Name the functions and facts of the spleen.
Functions: cleans blood and fights infection.
Facts: part of the lymphatic (infection fighting) system.
61
Name the functions and facts of the stomach.
Functions: storing and breaking down foods.
Facts: widest part of the digestive system.
62
Name the functions and facts of the voice-box.
Functions: creates sound and prevents food entering airways.
Facts: also called the larynx.
63
Name the functions and facts of the windpipe.
Functions: pipe leading down neck and branching into lungs.
Facts: also called the trachea.
64
What is the heart?
The heart is an involuntary muscle and it never tires. It pumps blood around the body. The right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body. The blood carries oxygen and food around the body to the organs and the muscles. It is the body's energy supply. Along its journey it collects waste materials such as CO2 (carbon dioxide).
65
Learn the heart and lungs diagram.
66
What do the lungs do?
The lungs oxgenate the blood and remove carbon-doxide. This happens every time you breathe in and out.
As we breathe in air enters our lungs via our windpipe and is pumped out as we exhale.
67
Learn the digestive system diagram.
68
Digestive System:
Mouth
The mouth chews up food into easy-to-swallow balls.
69
Digestive System: salivary glands
Salivary glands produce an enzyme called amylase to start the breakdown of starch.
70
Digestive System: oesophagus (gullet)
The oesophagus is the food chute from the mouth to the stomach.
71
Digestive System: stomach
The stomach:
1. pummels the food with its muscular walls.
2. it produces protease enzymes
3. it produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons:
* to kill bacteria
* to give the right pH for the protease enzymes to work (pH2 - acidic)
72
Digestive System: liver
The liver is where **bile** is produced. Bile **emulsifies fats** and neutralises **stomach acid** (to make conditions right for the enzymes in the small intestine).
73
Digestive System: pancreas
The pancreas produces the lot(!):
1. **amylase**
2. **lipase**
3. **protease** enzymes.
74
Digestive System: gall bladder
The gall bladder is where **bile** is **stored** before it is injected into the small intestine.
75
Digestive System: small intestine.
The small intestine:
1. produces **protease** and **amylase** and **lipase** enzymes.
2. this is also where the food is absorbed into the **blood**.
3. it is long and folded to increase the surface area. Tiny finger-like things called **villi** cover the inner surface to **increase** the **surface area** even more.
76
Digestive System: large intestine
The large intestine is where **excess water** is **absorbed** from the food.
77
Digestive System: anus
The anus is where **faeces** (made mostly of indigestible food) leaves the body.
78
List the different types of teeth.
1. incisor
2. canine
3. molar
79
Describe the incisor.
Used for snipping and cutting.
80
Describe the canine teeth
Used for stabbing, tearing and killing.
81
Describe the molar tooth.
Used for crushing and grinding.
82
How many teeth does a human adult have?
32
83
How many sets of teeth does a human have? What are these called?
2 sets of teeth:
1. milk/primary teeth
2. permanent/adult teeth
84
Describe teeth of a carnivore.
**Carnivores** (meat eaters) have teeth suited to **killing** other animals and **tearing** flesh. Canines are long and pointed for **holding** and **gripping** flesh. Molars can **crack** and **crush** bones.
85
Describe the teeth of a herbivore.
Herbivores (plant-eaters) have teeth suited to eating plants. Incisors **cut** grass off. Molars **grind** the grass as the jaws move from side to side.
86
Name 3 things to stay healthy.
1. eat sensibly
2. take exercise regularly
3. avoid unnecessary health risks
87
What is a healthy diet?
A healthy diet is a balanced diet.
A balanced diet is a mixture of these food types:
1. carbohydrates
* starch
* sugars
1. proteins
2. fats
3. vitamins and minerals
4. fibre
5. water
88
Why do you need carbohyrdates?
For energy.
**Starches** are found in bread, pasta, cereals, rice potato.
**Sugars** are found in biscuits, cakes, sweets (you need very little of these).
89
Why do you need proteins?
For cell growth and repair.
Proteins are found in fish, meat, milk, eggs, beans.
90
Why do you need fats?
For energy.
Fats are found in milk, cheese, butter, cooking oil and meat.
91
Why do you need vitamins and minerals?
for healthy cells.
Vitamins and minerals for fruit, vegetables and dairy products.
92
Why do you need fibre?
Helps food move through the gut.
It is found in wholegrain bread, cereals, fruit and vegetables.
93
Why do you need water?
70% of the body is water.
It is found in drinks and some foods.
94
Why is exercise important for a healthy body?
because:
1. it strengthens the muscles including the heart.
2. it develops the lungs
3. it helps body coordination develop (so you can catch and throw)
4. it uses up food for energy can can prevent the body getting fat.
5. it can help you sleep at night time.
95
List some health risks:
1. **Smoking**: causes heart attacks, blocked arteries, lung cancer and breathing problems. Tobacco contains **nicotine** which causes addiction.
2. **Solvents**: sniffing glue and paint is extremely dangerous. It damages the brain and is addictive.
3. **Alcohol**: in small amounts is not as harmful as smoking, but it slows down your reactions. Heavy drinking damages the liver, heart and stomach. It causes your blood pressure to rise.
4. **Drugs**: these can be dangerous if misused. Many are addictive and can cause damage to the brain and other organs.
96
Describe bacteria (on teeth)
Bacteria are found in plaque which coats your teeth.
The bacteria feed on the sugar left in your mouth after eating.
The bacteria produces acid as a waste product. This **acid** attacks the **enamel** coating on your teeth and causes **decay**.
97
What are microorganisms/microbes?
Microbes are living things that are too small to see with the naked eye. Microbes include:
1. bacteria
2. fungi
3. viruses
They can be helpful, neutral or harmful.
98
What are harmful microbes?
Harmful microbes can cause diseases such as salmonella food poisoning, the common cold, measles, mumps and cholera which enter the body via:
* contaminated water/food
* breathing in
* through cuts and sores
* contact.
99
What are useful microbes?
Useful microbes:
* yeast (a type of fungi) - which is used in bread and beer-making.
* Some bacteria cause milk to turn to yoghurt and cheese.
* Soil microbes - break down plant and animal material and return nutrients to the soil.
100
Learn the human skeleton diagram
