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Year 10 Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the ovaries and what is their function?

A
  • Paired organs located on either side of the uterus
  • Produce eggs (ova) and hormones e.g. oestrogen and progesterone,
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2
Q

What are the fallopian tubes and what is their function?

A
  • Tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus.
  • Fertilisation typically occurs here when sperm meets an egg.
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3
Q

What is the uterus and what is its function?

A
  • Pear Shaped Organ
  • It houses the developing foetus during pregnancy and contracts during labour to expel the baby
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4
Q

What is the cervix and what is its function?

A

-Entrance to the uterus
-Gains a plug when child is in womb

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5
Q

What is the vagina and what is its function?

A
  • It receives the penis during sexual intercourse
  • Serves as the passage for menstrual blood and acts as the birth canal.
    -A muscular canal that extends from the vulva to the neck of the uterus (cervix).
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6
Q

What are the testes and what is their function?

A
  • Paired organs located in the scrotum
  • Produce sperm through spermatogenesis
  • Secrete testosterone
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7
Q

What is the scrotum and what is its function?

A
  • Pouch of skin and muscle housing the testes
  • Maintains the temperature of the testes slightly lower than body temperature
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8
Q

What is the epididymis and what is its function?

A
  • Coiled tubes located behind each testicle
  • Store and mature sperm
  • Transport sperm from the testes to the vas deferens during ejaculation
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9
Q

What are the seminal vesicles and what is their function?

A
  • Glands located near the base of the bladder
  • Produce seminal fluid, a component of semen that provides energy and protection for sperm
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10
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes and what are they?

A

The two types of chromosomes are autosomes (somatic cells) and sex chromosomes (gender-determining)

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11
Q

What is the prostate gland what is its function?

A
  • A gland located beneath the bladder and surrounding the urethra
  • Produces prostatic fluid, which mixes with sperm and seminal fluid to form semen
  • Helps neutralise acidic vaginal pH.
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12
Q

What is the urethra (male) and what is its function?

A
  • The tube that carries semen and urine from the bladder out of the body
  • Serves as the passage for both urine and semen, allowing for ejaculation and sexual intercourse
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13
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are held together and where the spindle fibres attach during mitosis is called the centromere

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14
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A chromatid is one identical half of a chromosome

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15
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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16
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Autosomes are the chromosomes in the body that determine the characteristics of an organism.

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17
Q

What is the penis and what is its function?

A
  • The external male genital organ
  • Enables sexual intercourse and ejaculation
  • Contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during arousal
18
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes are involved in gender determination. There are two, in the forms of X and Y. Males have XY. Females have XX.

19
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and wrapped in a protein, referred to as, ‘Histone’ found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes, which are units of heredity responsible for specific traits.

20
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A karyotype is an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

21
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division in eukaryotic, somatic cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. Mitosis serves as an essential factor of somatic cell reparation, general growth and of asexual reproduction.

22
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • DNA consists of two long strands forming a twisted ladder, referred to as a double helix.
  • Each strand is made of repeating units called nucleotides, each comprising:
    • A phosphate group
    • A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
    • A nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine)
  • Backbone: The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside, with the bases on the inside.
  • The two strands run antiparalled to each other
  • The double helix has major and minor grooves, which are important for protein binding.

.

23
Q

What happens in interphase?

A
  • Cell grows in size to accommodate additional chromosomes,
  • DNA replication occurs, leading to there being 92 chromosomes in the nucleus,
  • Extra organelles and proteins are created for the daughter cells
24
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
  • The spindle, made of microtubules, begins to form from the centrosomes.
25
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes align along the centre of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive one copy of each chromosome.
26
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres towards opposite poles of the cell. This separation ensures that each pole will have an identical set of chromosomes.
27
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Chromatids arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense back into chromatin.
  • The nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two separate nuclei.
28
Q

How does DNA code for proteins?

A
  • The sequence of bases encodes genetic instructions, essential for the development and functioning of living organisms and many viruses
29
Q

What is the base pairing of the complementary nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Base Pairing:
    • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds.
    • Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds.
30
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A
  • DNA stores genetic information vital for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.
31
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

A region on a chromosome associated with cell division

32
Q

What is a telomere?

A

A cap of DNA on the tip of a chromosome that enables DNA to be replicated safely without losing valuable information

33
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A
  • Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm divides, forming two distinct daughter cells.
34
Q

How does the process of cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

A
  • In animal cells: A contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell membrane inwards until the cell is split into two.
  • In plant cells: A cell plate forms along the centerline, developing into a separating wall.
35
Q

What is the enzyme that unzips the gene and creates m-Rna?

A

The Rna Polymerase

36
Q

When the Rna polymerase begins to read the nucleotides and creates corresponding nitrogenous bases for the m-Rna, what is this process called?

A

The process is called Transcription

37
Q

Where does the m-Rna travel to after being fully processed by the Rna polymerase?

A

It travels outside of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm

38
Q

What does the m-Rna do inside of the cytoplasm?

A

The M-Rna is read by the protein factories inside of the cytoplasm called ribosomes where amino acid chains are created

39
Q

What is an amino acid chain called?

A

A polypeptide

40
Q

What is the function of t-Rna molecules?

A

When the ribosome reads the m-Rna in triplets, the t-Rna molecules delivers the corresponding amino acid creating a long chain called a polypeptide.

41
Q

What is a t-rna molecule?

A

-A molecule that contains 3 bases ( Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) that code for 1 specific amino acid
- Applied to for the corresponding bases of the m-Rna chain

42
Q

When does the Ribosome know when the polypeptide is complete?

A

It will run into a “stop” codon sequence that dictates the polypeptide is done, forming a full protein

Year 10 Science (5 decks)

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