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Core Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual that we can measure or observe

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2
Q

define phenotype

A

the trait that is expressed and is determined by the genotype

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3
Q

define genotype

A

set of genes in DNA responsible for unique traits or characteristics

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4
Q

define dominant trait

A

the trait that is expressed

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5
Q

define recessive trait

A

the trait that isn’t expressed

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6
Q

define nucleotide

A

a sub-unit of DNA made up of a sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base

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7
Q

define Gene

A

sequences or sections of DNA that can determine your traits and make instructions for building proteins

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8
Q

define Gamete

A

sex cell

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9
Q

define Protein

A

a molecule made up of amino acids that can determine our traits

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10
Q

define Ribosome

A

an organelle in the cell where protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

define transcription

A

the process where an mRNA copy is made of a gene’s DNA sequence to carry information needed to build protein

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12
Q

define translation

A

the building of amino acids at the ribosome

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13
Q

define ploidy

A

the number of chromosomes in the cells of an organism

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14
Q

define haploid

A

a cell that has one set of chromosomes

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15
Q

define diploid

A

a cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

define homozygous

A

both alleles are the same

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17
Q

define heterozygous

A

both alleles are different

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18
Q

examples of traits

A

eye colour, hair colour

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19
Q

examples of traits determined by genetics

A

eye colour, blood type

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20
Q

examples of traits determined by the environment

A

weight, height

21
Q

examples of traits determined by the environment and genetics

A

scars, language

22
Q

what is the link between genes, proteins and traits

A

genes make instructions for building proteins, proteins can determine our traits

23
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

24
Q

function of DNA

A

holds your genetic code for the development and functioning of an organism

25
Q

function of chromosomes

A

structures that contain a person’s gene

26
Q

what are the nucleotide subunits

A

adanine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

27
Q

name of structure of DNA

A

double helix

28
Q

what are the complementary base pairings

A

adenine - thymine, cytosine - guanine

29
Q

what is a polypeptide chain

A

amino acids held together by a peptide bond

30
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that seperates the DNA strands and reads it to build a complimentary mRNA strand

31
Q

What is involved in transcription

A

DNA, mRNA, RNA polymerase

32
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

33
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

34
Q

what is the input and output of transcription

A

DNA, mRNA

35
Q

what is the input and output of translation

A

amino acids, protein

36
Q

how do some point mutations result in the changes of an organism’s proteins and traits

A

point mutation cause a change in DNA base sequences, change in amino acid sequence of protein, change in trait

37
Q

define alleles

A

different form or variants of genes

38
Q

how does mutation affect alleles

A

change in genetic code in DNA, new alleles formed

39
Q

what are the 4 types of mutation

A

deletion, insertion, inversion, substitution

40
Q

how does deletion work

A

removes a base from the sequence and changes every triplet onwards

41
Q

how does insertion work

A

inserting a base into the sequence and changes every triplet onwards

42
Q

how does inversion work

A

swaps 3 bases around

43
Q

how does substitution work

A

one base is changed and affects only one

44
Q

what is mitosis

A

where newly duplicated DNA is separated, and two new cells are formed. 

45
Q

what is meiosis

A

where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

46
Q

what cells undergo and are produced in mitosis + what cell type

A

diploid, diploid, somatic cells

47
Q

what cells undergo and are produced in meiosis + what cell type

A

diploid, haploid, gametes

48
Q

how many haploid cells does a human have

A

23

49
Q

how many diploid cells does a human have

A

46

Core Science (4 decks)

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