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Science 10-1 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • cells are units of life
  • contain genetic information
  • have a function
  • have a metabolism
  • can reproduce
  • all cells are produced from cell division (biogenesis)
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2
Q

What are Exceptions to cell theory?

A

1) viruses- cannot survive outside host; not considered to be living
2) striated muscle- type of muscle cell with multiple nuclei, several bundled together by single membrane
3) fungal hyphae- make up bodies of fungi and have multiple nuclei, join together to form a continuous cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are organelles?

A

Smaller components of cells

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4
Q

What are cells?

A

Become specialized to form tissue

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5
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells

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6
Q

What is tissue?

A

Specialized cells

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7
Q

What are organs?

A

tissue with similar functions work to form organs

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8
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organs with similar functions work together in systems

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9
Q

Who created the first microscope and when?

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595

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10
Q

What did Robert Hooke do?

A

Robert Hooke invented a three lens system for magnifying flying objects and coined with the term ‘‘cell’’

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11
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek made the first observations of single celled organisms ‘‘animacules’’

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12
Q

What does the revolving nose piece do?

A

Holds objective lenses

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13
Q

What do the object lenses do?

A

have different levels of magnification power (4, 10,40)

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14
Q

What do stage clips do?

A

Hold slide in place

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15
Q

What does the stage do?

A

It is where the slide is placed for support and viewing

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16
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

It regulates the amount of light passing through stage opening

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17
Q

What does the light source do?

A

Supplies light for viewing slide

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18
Q

What does the base do?

A

Supports microscope

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19
Q

What does the switch do?

A

Turns machine on and off

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20
Q

What does the fine adjustment knob do?

A

makes image sharp (use with medium and low power)

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21
Q

What does the coarse adjustment knob do?

A

moves stage up and down (use only with low power)

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22
Q

What does the arm do?

A

supports revolving nosepiece and body tube. use to carry

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23
Q

What does the body tube do?

A

supports ocular lens

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24
Q

What does the eyepiece do?

A

ocular lens; look through to observe

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25
Q

What is staining?

A

Addition of a stain to cell samples can help with observation by increasing contrast

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26
Q

What is fluorescene?

A

Technique that can be used to show molecules on the membrane of cells in more detail

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27
Q

How do you convert mm to um?

A

1 mm= 1000um

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28
Q

What are processes essential to cell functioning?

A
  • nutrient intake
  • movement
  • growth
  • response to stimuli
  • gas exchange
  • waste removal
  • reproduction
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29
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

They make up bacteria and archaea

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30
Q

What does a mesosome do?

A

It is where DNA is replicated

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31
Q

What does the nucleoid and plasmid do?

A

Both contain DNA

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32
Q

What do pili do?

A

Aid in communication between prokaryotic cells

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33
Q

What do ribosomes do in prokaryotic cells?

A

they are required to translate DNA into proteins (70S for prokaryotes, 80S for eukaryotes)

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34
Q

What does a capsule do?

A

Prevents cell from drying out, and allows the cell to adhere to surfaces

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35
Q

What does a flagellum do?

A

Only some prokaryotes have them; it allows them to move

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36
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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37
Q

What does a nucleus do?

A

Controls all cellular activities where DNA is stored

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38
Q

What does a lysosome do?

A

Digest/break down waste and other particles

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39
Q

What does a smooth endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

Makes lipids for delivery out of cell

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40
Q

What does a golgi body do?

A

receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell

41
Q

What does a rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

makes proteins for delivery out of cell

42
Q

What do ribosomes do in eukaryotic cells?

A

Translate MRNA (modified DNA) from nucleus into sequences of amino acids (proteins)

43
Q

What does the cytoplasm do ?

A

Jelly like substance found through cell

44
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell

45
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Cellular respiration; provides ATP

46
Q

What is ATP?

A

Form of energy organisms can use created from glucose in cellular respiration

47
Q

What does a cell wall do?

A

Provides shape and support

48
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

It is where photosynthesis takes place

49
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Stores water and other substances

50
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose+oxygen = carbon dioxide+water+ATP

C6H12O6+O2 = CO2+H2O=ATP

51
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide+water = glucose+oxygen

6CO2+6H2O = C6H12O6+6O2

52
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

The phospholipid bilayer- made of double layer of phospholipids with proteins and other molecules embedded within

the head is hydriophilic
tail is hydrophobic

53
Q

What is trilaminar model?

A
  • proposed in 1935 by Davson and Danielli
  • proteins layers ‘‘sandwich’’ lipids
  • based on electron micrograph, proven wrong
54
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • proposed in 1972 by singer and nicolson
  • proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
  • accurate
55
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

1) Integral- span lipid bilayer, permanently embedded
2) peripheral- associate with surface of membrane, temporarily attached

56
Q

What are the roles of membrane proteins?

A
  • intercellular joinings
  • enzymatic activity
  • transport (active/passive)
  • cell~cell recognition
  • anchroage/attachment
  • signal transduction
57
Q

What does cholesterol do in the membrane?

A

Acts to maintain fluidity of membrane, also reduces permeability to small, water soluble solutes

58
Q

Why is selective transport important?

A

It maintains the concentration gradient, an equilbrium in and out of the cell would disrupt cellular activity

59
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Concentration of solute and solution almsot the same

60
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Concentration of solute lower outside cell; water moves into cell by osmosis

61
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Concentration of solute higher outside cell; water moves out of cell by osmosis

62
Q

What is passive transport?

A

movement of molecules down a concentration gradient without an input of energy from the cell

63
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of solute particles from area of high to low concentration (how gas exchange works)

64
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from an area of high to low concentration

65
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane themselves without proteins

66
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy to occur

67
Q

What is exocytosis ?

A

molecules unable to dissolve or diffuse or are to large to cross membranes must be released through exocytosis

68
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

molecules unable to dissolve or diffuse or are to large to cross membranes must be takien into the cell by endocytosis

69
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

'’cell drinking’’, form of endocytosis that allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids

70
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

'’cell eating’’, form of endocytosis that allows cells to obtain solids

71
Q

How does surface area matter?

A

the greater the surface area to volume, the more efficient cell transport

72
Q

What are advantages of multicellularity?

A
  • division of labour; specialized cells are more efficient together
  • size; more cells together
  • interdependence; one cell dies, organism unaffected
73
Q

What are the disadvantages of multicellularity?

A

-complex systems; need many specialized cells
- need more energy
-takes longer to reproduce

74
Q

What are the plant organ systems?

A

1) shoot system- stem, leaves, buds, flowers, fruit; absorbs CO2 and releases O2

2) Root system- root and root hairs; absorb water and minerals from soil

75
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division for size and repair

76
Q

What are meristems?

A

clusters of specialised cells where mitosis occurs

77
Q

What are the specialised types of plant tissue?

A

1) Dermal (epidermis) tissue- outer layer of cell covering all non-woody platns; responsible for gas exchange and discrease protection

2) Ground tissue- majority of plant under epidermis; provides strength and support

3) Vascular Tissue- inside; transport of materials

78
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Waxy coating that prevents water loss and protects against micro organisms

79
Q

What do dermal tissue in the root do?

A

Nutrient uptake

80
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

controls stomata (open stomata when guard celll turgid/swollen)

81
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Allows gas exchange to occur via diffusion

82
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Occurs when stomata is open; plant evaporation

83
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Decreases when plant is dehydrated, shrink guard cells to close stomata and save water

84
Q

What is the mesophyll?

A

Specialised layer of cells between upper and lower epidermis

85
Q

What are palisade cells?

A

Site of photosynthesis

86
Q

What are spongy cells?

A

Site of gas exchange

87
Q

What does ground tissue in roots do?

A

Stores water and food

88
Q

What does the phloem control?

A

moves sucrose and other dissolved sugars from leaves to stems and roots

89
Q

What does the xylem control ?

A

Moves water and dissolved minerals from roots to stem and leaves

90
Q

Other differences of xylem and phloem?

A
  • xylem has no end walls, phloem has end walls (sieve plates)
  • xylem is one way, phloem is two way
  • xylem’s outer cells aren’t living, phloem’s outer cells living but need support
91
Q

What is a transpiration pull?

A

Water is transported up the xylem; possible by its cohesives nad adhesives properties (continuous column of water because they stick to each other and follow up)

92
Q

What is the pressure flow theory?

A

Glucose is transported up and down the phloem due to pressure created by difference in water concentration in phloem and water in xylem ducts

93
Q

What is tropism?

A

Plants react to stimuli and as a result grows in a specific direction

94
Q

What is positive tropism?

A

growth of plant towards stimulus

95
Q

What is negative tropism?

A

growth of plant away from stimulus

96
Q

What is phototropism?

A

growth of plant in response to light (stem is positive, root is negative)

97
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

growth of plant in response to gravity (stem is negative, root is positive)

98
Q

What is auxin?

A

type of hormone controlling phototropism

99
Q

How do plants communicate?

A

The symbiotic relationship between trees and fungi (mycorrhizal) create an underground communication network

Science 10-1 (3 decks)

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