Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

Exam

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s cell division

A

is when each cell must divide to ensure the same genetic info gets passed on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What the process of cell division called

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is genes

A

Genes are of lots of bases that give us our characteristic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are chromosomes

A

chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all cells are made of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is made of lots of bases each base is a pierce of code.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are proteins

A

a proteins is made of lots of different little units made by amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What genetic engineerings

A

Genetic engineering is the transfer r of genes from one organism to another to alter the characteristic of reviving organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Advantages of genetic engineering

A

Fast and production of unlimited quantity, production of human product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disadvantage of genetic engineering

A

expensive , ethical and moral implication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s a stem cell

A

Is any cell that is unspecialised and can divide repeatedly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 controversial issues in bio

A

Gene, genetic and pharming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene therapy

A

uses genes to treat or prevent disease. It is used to replace damaged or defective genes, which causes disease with new genes that function properly its help cure breast cancer people get worried lead to problems like designer babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pharming

A

means using genetic engineering to insert new genes that will be used to create medicines into plants and animals this means that the genetically modified organism will be able to produce the chemicals needed for medicines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 properties that make mirco-organisms useful for industry

A

rapid growth, diverse use of food source, wide range of product made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are enzymes

A

they are biological catalysts essential for life. they are found in living cells and speed up reactions enzymes can be used over and over again and are unchanged reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are enzymes made of

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

advantages of bio washing powders contain enzymes

A

used a lower temps , kinder to fabrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disadvantages of bio washing powders contain enzymes

A

can cause allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why do cells divide

A

to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ovaries

A

produce eggs(female sex cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oviduct

A

transports the egg to the uterus and is also the site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

uterus

A

where the fertilized egg implants and the baby develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cervix

A

separates the uterus from the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vagina

A

where the sperm is deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

testes

A

produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sperm duct

A

transport sperm out of testes

27
Q

scrotum

A

sack of skin containing the testes

28
Q

glands

A

add seminal fluid to the sperm to create semen’s, the fluid allows for the sperm to swim and provides nutrients and energy

29
Q

urethra

A

carries the sperm out of the body

30
Q

penis

A

inserted into female reproductive system to deposit the sperm

31
Q

The sex cells

A

Sex cells are known as gametes. The male sex cell is called the sperm and has
adaptations that allow it to carry out it’s function- to swim to and fertilise the egg.
It has a tail to help it swim, and lots of mitochondria to produce lots of energy needed
to swim. It has a streamlined shape and enzymes in the head of the sperm to burrow
into and digest the outside of the egg cell during fertilization.

32
Q

Fertilisation

A

Inside the female oviducts, the sperm and the egg meet. The nuclei of both cells
(gametes) fuse together during a process called fertilisation. This forms a single cell
called a zygote, which contains the genetic information from both parents

33
Q

Petals

A

– attract insects and other pollinators to the plant to transfer the pollen to the
stigma

34
Q

sepal

A

leaves that protect new buds before they open

35
Q

anther

A

produces male sex cell pollen

36
Q

pollen

A

male sex cell which travels from the anther to the stigma

37
Q

stigma

A

female part of the plant on which the pollen lands. The pollen will then
produce a pollen tube so that the pollen nucleus can travel down to the ovary

38
Q

ovary

A

where the eggs are stored and where fertilisation takes place

39
Q

Pollination

A

Before fertilisation takes place, the pollen has to land on the stigma. This is known as
pollination. Plants that have scented flowers and contain nectar often rely on insect
pollination

40
Q

whats germination

A

Germination is the process by which a seed begins to grow into a new plant. It involves the seed absorbing water, breaking out of its protective covering, and sending out a root and shoot to begin growing. Germination is triggered by factors such as water, temperature, and light.

41
Q

Tubers

A

Tubers are swollen roots or shoots that are underground. A plant can produce several
tubers. They act as underground food storage systems, which allow the plant to regrow
and survive the winter Plants that grow tubers include potatoes, yams,
sweet potatoes and carrots.

42
Q

Runners

A

Runners are horizontal stems that grow from the parent plant. The runners will then
produce roots, shoots and leaves, creating genetically identical offspring plants. The
runners benefit as the new offspring will receive nutrients from the parent plants until
they are ready to produce food for themselves.
Plants that produce runners include strawberries,
spider plants and creeping buttercup.

43
Q

bulbs

A

Bulbs are swollen leaves. A plant can regrow from a bulb year after year as it acts as an
underground food source.
Plants that grow bulbs include onion, radish,
daffodil and tulip.

44
Q

cuttings

A

A cutting is a part of a plant that has been cut off a parent pant and planted in the soil.
The cutting produces roots and develops into a complete plant. The cutting may be
treated with a plant hormone to encourage the growth of the new roots. Cuttings are
taken as sections of stem from some types of plants, or as leaves of other types

45
Q

Steps to create a cutting

A
  1. Cut through a shott just below the leaf joint.
  2. Remove the leaves from bottom part of the cutting
  3. Place cutting in well watered compost
46
Q

Grafting

A

A graft is a union between two plants. A stem of one plant (the scion) is joined to the
roots and lower stem of another plant (the root stock).Grafting is used for the propagation of shrubs and trees which have desirable
features such as types of flowers or fruit. It is used when the type of shrub or tree
does not grow well or does not propagate easily from cuttings.

47
Q

tissue culture

A

Tissue culture is the growth of complete plants from a few isolated cells taken from
a parent plant

48
Q

genetic information

A

Characteristics can either be inherited from your parents or be down to
the impact of environmental factors. For example, your eye colour is
something which is inherited from your parents and is controlled by the
DNA which is passed from parent to offspring. A phenotype is a name
given to an inherited characteristic. The presence of tattoos or scars on a
person would be something caused by purely environmental factors. Some
traits, such as weight and height, are influenced by both inherited and
environmental factors

49
Q

Plants can be useful in many ways. For example they can be used for:

A

raw materials for building e.g. timber for building houses
- Food/drink – e.g. wheat for making bread
- Medicines – e.g. the opium poppy making morphine for pain relief

50
Q

Variation

A

Traits can show variation in two ways, dependent on how we represent
these traits when investigated in a population.
Traits which show continuous variation; these traits show a range of values
from one extreme to another. Height and weight are examples of
continuous variation. We tend to display continuous data using either a
histogram or a line graph.Traits which show discrete variation; these traits can be categorised into
distinct groups. Eye colour and hair colour are examples of discrete
variation. We tend to display discrete data using either a bar graph or a
pie chart.

51
Q

Inheritance

A

Some phenotypes can be controlled by a single gene. This is known as
single-gene inheritance. A person receives one copy of a gene (known as
an allele) from each of their parents, and the combination of copies they
receive will determine their phenotype.

52
Q

Growth and development

A

Different organisms grow and develop in different ways

53
Q

hypothalamus

A

Our body must remain at a constant temperature of 37°C. This is because this is the
optimum temperature for our body’s enzymes to work and keep our chemical reactions
happening quickly inside our cells. Body temperature is detected and controlled by an
area of our brain called the hypothalamus.

54
Q

Getting too hot and its response

A

If our body temperature increases above 37°C, our hypothalamus sends signals to our
skin and muscles to generate responses to cool us down.
Response 1 – increased rate of sweating
Our hypothalamus sends signals to our sweat glands to release more sweat. This helps
us to lose heat as water vapour on our sweat and cool us down
Response 2 – vasodilation
The blood vessels near the surface of our skin widen, allowing more blood flow to the
skin. This allows heat to be lost from the skin by radiation and cool us down
Response 3 – relaxation of hair erector muscles
Our hairs on our body are controlled by muscles called ‘hair erector muscles’. When we
are too hot, these muscles relax, allowing the hair to lie against the skin. This stops heat
being trapped next to skin when it is lost by radiation.

55
Q

Getting too cold and its response

A

If our body temperature decreases below 37°C, our hypothalamus sends signals to our
skin and muscles to generate responses to heat us up.
Response 1 – shivering
Our muscles will rapidly start to contact, which generates heat helping to heat us up.
Response 2 – increase in metabolic rate
Our liver produces extra heat by carrying out chemical reactions (metabolic reactions)
quicker. This generates heat and helps to warm us up.
Response 3 – vasoconstriction
The blood vessels near the surface of the skin narrow, reducing the blood flow to the
skin’s surface. This reduces heat loss by radiation to prevent any further heat loss.
Response 4 – hair erector muscles contract
The muscles controlling the hairs contract, pulling the hair up. This creates an insulation
layer, trapping any heat lost by radiation and keeping it next to the skin

56
Q

The regulation of blood sugar

A

We need sugar in our blood so that our cells can carry out respiration. However, too
much sugar in the blood can cause damage to cells so it is important that we maintain
a stead supply of sugar without letting levels get too high or too low

57
Q

carbohydrates

A

provide energy for cell activites sources - fruiy veg bread and pasta and rice

58
Q

fats

A

energy storage and insulation sources - butter cream cheese and meat

59
Q

proteins

A

provide building materials for growth and repair sources beans egg meat and milk

60
Q

mineral - magnesium

A

needed to make chlorophyll

61
Q

minerals - nitrate

A

needed to make proteins

62
Q

minerals - phosphates

A

needed to make DNA

63
Q

minerals - potassium

A

needed for healthy growth

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions