Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Define Osmosis
A
The diffusion of water from a high concentration to a low concentration
2
Q
What hormone do Adrenals release
A
Adrenaline
3
Q
What hormones do the testes release
A
Testosterone
4
Q
What 2 hormones do the ovaries release
A
oestrogen and progesterone
5
Q
What hormone does the thyroid release
A
Thyroxine
6
Q
Define hormones
A
chemical messengers that are secreated into the bloodstream
7
Q
What does the cytoplasm do
A
Where chemical reactions take place
8
Q
What does the cell membrane do
A
Controls what enters and exits the cell
9
Q
What does the nucleus do
A
Controls cell activity
10
Q
What does the mitochondria do
A
aerobic respiration occurs and releases energy
11
Q
What does the ribosomes do
A
where protein synthesis occurs
12
Q
What is a eukaryotic cell
A
A cell that contains a nucleus
13
Q
What is a prokaryotic cell
A
A cell without a nucleus
14
Q
What does a cilia cell do
A
Move fluids and particles up the trachea to be swallowed
15
Q
What is a catalyst
A
A substance that speeds up a reaction, without being changed or used up
16
Q
What are all the stages of mitosis
A
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenisis
17
Q
What happens in Prophase
A
chromosomes are thickening
Spindles are forming
18
Q
What happens in Metaphase
A
Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Spindles attach to chromosome
Nucleus dissapears
19
Q
What happens in anaphase
A
Chromosomes separate from middle and become chromatids
20
Q
What happens in telophase
A
Chromatids on opposite ends of cell
Nuclei forms on either end
21
Q
What happens in cytokenisis
A
Splits into 2 daughter cells
22
Q
What is the three domain system
A
archea, bacteria, eukarya
23
Q
What is menstruation
A
the breakdown and loss of the lining of the uterus
24
Q
What is ovulation
A
the release of an egg from the ovary
25
What happens on days 1-5 of the menstual cycle
menstuation, uterus lining breaks
26
What happens days 5-14 of the menstrual cycle
Uterus starts to thicken again
27
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle
Ovulation, egg cell released from ovary
28
What happens day 28 of the menstrual cycle
The egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus
29
What do all organs need
Large Surface Area
Thin membrane
Good Capillary network
30
What does a large surface area have
many folds in the membrane
Short distance diffusion
Rate of diffusion is faster
31
What does a phagocyte do
Ingest and destroy pathogens
32
What does a lymphocyte do
Produce antibodies
33
What is aerobic respiration
glucose and oxygen to produce energy
34
What is a parasite
an organism that gains benefit from another organism
35
What is an ecto-parasite
A parasite that lives on the outside of its host
36
What is an endo-parasite
A parasite that lives on the inside of its host
37
What is bio-diversity
A range of living things within a habitat
38
What is eutrophication
Where fertilizer run off from land goes into rivers and build up on lakes
39
Why is eutrophication bad
Lakes become clogged, cut-off of oxygen, plants and animals die
Blocks sunlight
40
What is an aquifier
an underground layer of rock which contains water, supplied to wells and springs
41
What is precipitation
water that is either rain, snow, sleet or hail
42
What is a producer
Organism that makes its own energy from photosynthesis (plants)
43
What is a primary consumer
Organisms that eat producers (herbivores)
44
What is a secondary consumer
Organisms that eat primary consumers (carnivores)
45
Tertiary consumers
Organisms that eat secondary consumers (carnivores)
46
What does potable mean
Safe to drink
47
What do decomposers do
Breakdown waste and dead animals and plants
48
What is the equation for glucose
C6 H12 O6
49
What is combustion
Burning fossil fuels
50
What does dilute mean
A solution with more water molecules than solutes
51
what does concentrated in terms of osmosis mean
A solution with more solutes than water molecules
52
What does it mean when a cell is flaccid
When water moves out of the cell
53
What does it mean when a cell is turgid
When water moves in of the cell
54
What is mitosis used for
Growth and repair
55
What order do chromosomes replicates and divide in during mitosis
46,92,46
56
What is meiosis
The cell division of Sex cells
57
Where does meiosis occur
In the testes and ovaries
58
What order do chromosomes replicate and divide in during meiosis
46,92,46,23
59
How many daughter cells does mitosis have
2 daughter cells
60
How many daughter cells does meiosis have
4 daughter cells
61
How many times does mitosis divide
once
62
How many times does meiosis divide
twice
63
Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction
Asexual
64
Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction
Sexual
65
What does a nerve cell do
Sends electrical impulses around the body
65
What does C.N.S stand for
Central Nervous System
66
What is the C.N.S made up of
Brain
Spinal Chord
Nerves
Sense Organs
67
What is a nucleotide made up of
Base, Sugar, Phosphate group
68
What bonds DNA together
Hydrogen bonds
69
What is selective breeding
Breeding 2 organisms to acquire the desired characteristics of an animal
70
What neurones are there
Sensory
Relay
Motor
71
What is the Sensory neurone responsible for
Receptors, (touch, smell, taste , hear, see
72
What is the Relay neurone responsible for
Connects the Sensory and Motor Neurone together
73
What is the Motor neurone responsible for
Movement to bring about a response
74
What is an effector
A muscle/gland that carries out a response
75
What is a receptor
Cells that detect change in the environment
76
What does a myelin sheath do
Insulates electrical impulses so they can travel fast
77
What uses are there for the products of fermentation
Alcohol
Yeast
78
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen---) Carbon Dioxide + water (+energy)
79
What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration
No oxygen ---) Glucose (+ lactic acid)
80
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration that occurs in plant and yeast cells
Glucose---) ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+Energy)
81
Why would a persons body carry out anaerobic respiration
A short burst of energy
82
2 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic produces lactic acid and aerobic does not
Aerobic produces co2 and anaerobic does not
83
What is the primary function of DNA
Stores and transmits genetic information
84
What are the 3 digestive enzymes
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
85
What does amylase do
Breakdown starch into glucose
86
What does Protease do
Breaks down proteins into amino acids
87
What does Lipase do
Breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acids
88
What 2 places are digestive enzymes produced
Small intestines
Pancreas
89
What do glands do
produce hormones that affect the function of organs to respond to changes in environment
90
What is considered the "master gland"
The pituitary gland
produces hormones
controls other glands in endocrine system
91
How does your body respond to high glucose levels
Pancreas secretes insulin into bloodstream which causes glucose to be absorbed into cells to be used for respiration
92
What is excess glucose converted into
glycogen
93
How does your body respond to low glucose levels
pancreas secretes glucagon causing the liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
94
What does the hormone thyroxine do
secreted by thyroid which controls your body's metabolic rate
95
What does the hormone adrenaline do
released by adrenal glands which increases blood flow and breathing rate to prepare for fight or flight
96
What does FSH stand for
Follicle stimulating hormone
96
What are the four main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Oestrogen
FSH
LH
96
What does LH stand for
Luteinising hormone
96
What does Oestrogen do
- causes uterus lining to thicken
- Inhibits FSH so no more eggs mature until next cycle
- Causes pituitary gland to secrete LH
96
What does FSH do
Causes and egg to mature and ovaries to produce Oestrogen
97
What does LH do
- Causes egg to be released which starts to travel towards the uterus
97
what does progesterone do
- Secreted by the ovaries
- Maintains uterus lining
97
How do you estimate the population of an organism in a large area
- place a 1m squared quadrat in randomly chosen locations in the area
- count the number of organisms within#
- calculate the mean number per metre squared and multiply by the total area to get final estimate
97
how do humans impact biodiversity
- Land is used for farming, quarrying and building (often deforrestation)
- Peat bogs are used to make compost
98
Describe the function of red blood cells
- Transport oxygen to all cells in the body for respiration
- Oxygen binds to the haemoglobin
99
Which part of the blood transports insulin to its target organs?
Plasma
100
