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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Complete set of genes

A

genome

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2
Q

Cells with modifications

A

mutations

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3
Q

Refers to an increase in body size or embryo’s size

A

Growth

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4
Q

Cells are usually limited by a certain number of time

A

Hayflick limit

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5
Q

Refers to the advancement of the life stage

A

development

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6
Q

Modified version of mitosis

A

cleavage

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7
Q

Refers to how diverse or varied the traits

A

genetic diversity

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8
Q

Cells that are undifferentiated

A

stem cells

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9
Q

type of cell division that reduces the number
of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and
produces four gamete cells.

A

meiosis

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10
Q

Provides “genetic variation”

A

meiosis

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11
Q

Diploid cell is reduced to haploid

A

Meiosis I (Reductional division)

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12
Q

Sister chromatids separate

A

Meiosis II (Equational division)

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13
Q

“body” cells

A

somatic cells

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14
Q

sex cells

A

gametes

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15
Q

normal number of chromosomes

A

“Diploid” (2n)

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16
Q

contain only
1⁄2 the normal number of chromosomes….

A

haploid

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17
Q

Male Gamete

A

sperm

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18
Q

Female Gamete

A

ovum

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19
Q

Male Gamete is
produced in the male gonad called

A

testes

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20
Q

Female Gamete is
produced in the female gonad called

A

ovaries

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21
Q

the ovum is
released from the ovary

A

ovulation

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22
Q

the joining of the sperm
and ovum

A

fertilization

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23
Q

a fertilized egg

A

zygote

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24
Q

Pair of chromosomes

A

Homologous chromosomes

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25
Q

carry genes controlling the same
inherited traits.

A

tetrads

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26
Q

is in the same position on
homologues.

A

locus

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27
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, how many auotosomes? and sex cells ?

A

22 autosomes and 1 sex cell

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28
Q

chromatin condensed and chromosomes
appear

A

leptotene

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29
Q

Synapsis starts

A

zygotene

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30
Q

close pairing of the homologous
chromosomes due to

A

synaptonemal complex.

31
Q

Synapsis is complete

A

pachytene

32
Q

a process by which non
sister chromatids exchange genetic segments.

A

crossing-over

33
Q

region of crossing-over

A

chiasma

34
Q

Synaptonemal complex starts to dissolve

A

diplotene

35
Q

homologous chromosomes start to separate

A

Terminalization.

36
Q

Homologous chromosomes continue to separate
and the chiasmata undergo terminalization.

A

diakinesis

37
Q

Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

A

diakinesis

38
Q

Centromere starts to produce spindle fibers

A

diakinesis

39
Q

Homologous chromosomes move randomly at the
metaphase plate

A

Metaphase 1

40
Q

Spindle fibers are attached at the kinetochore

A

Metaphase 1

41
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate and towards the
pole

A

Anaphase 1

42
Q

Each chromosome still holds the sister chromatids that
contains the exchanged DNA segments

A

Anaphase 1

43
Q

Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes
and cell membrane starts to reappear

A

Telophase 1

44
Q

Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter
cells are formed.

A

Telophase 1

45
Q

occurs and two haploid daughter
cells are formed.

A

Cytokinesis

46
Q

it is the brief resting period between
telophase I and Prophase II

A

Interkinesis

47
Q

Chromosomes becomes to condense again

A

Prophase 2

48
Q

Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

A

Prophase 2

49
Q

Spindle fibers begin to form

A

Prophase 2

50
Q

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase 2

51
Q

Spindle fibers are attached to kinetochores

A

Metaphase 2

52
Q

Sister chromatids prepares to separate

A

Metaphase 2

53
Q

Sister chromatid moves to the opposite poles

A

Anaphase 2

54
Q

Chromosomes starts to uncoil

A

Telophase 2

55
Q

Nuclear membranes starts to reappear

A

Telophase 2

56
Q

Cytokinesis finally split the cells, producing 4 haploid
cells

A

Telophase 2

57
Q

German
biochemist, was given credit for discovering ATP
from extracts of muscles and livers.

A

Karl Lohmann

58
Q

From what extracts is ATP discovered from?

A

muscles and livers

59
Q

What Does ATP Do for You?

A

Supply energy

60
Q

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

A

By breaking the high- energy
bonds between the last two
phosphates inATP.

61
Q

What is the Process Called?

A

Hydrolysis

62
Q

What do you need to break down ATP? An enzyme needed in the process of hydrolysis

A

ATPase

63
Q

What do you need to make ATP?

A

ATP Synthase

64
Q

energy is the basic requirement for a chemical reaction
to commence.

A

Endergonic Reaction

65
Q

nonspontaneous and usually occur in organisms,
because they need to synthesize complex molecules
such as fats, amino acids, and sugars.

A

Endergonic Reaction

66
Q

Is a spontaneous reaction or favorable chemical
reactions wherein the products are at lower energy
level than the reactants.

A

Exergonic Reaction

67
Q

Reactions that have a negative ∆G release free energy.

A

Exergonic Reaction

68
Q

Catabolism

A

Exergonic reaction

69
Q

Anabolism

A

Endergonic reaction

70
Q

ATP provides the energy required for
producing complex substances, such as biomolecules.

A

Chemical work

71
Q

ATP provides the energy for cells and
tissues to perform their functions, such as the circulation of
blood, the contraction of muscles, and the pumping of the
heart.

A

Mechanical work

72
Q

ATP provides the energy for substances to
move, such as the entry and exit of compounds across cell
membranes, or substances binding to protein enzymes.

A

Transport work

73
Q

3 products of ATP

A

energy, ADP, Phosphate

Biology (3 decks)

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