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Science Yr 10 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of DNA as the blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms?

A

DNA controls protein synthesis

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell?

A

DNA is found within the Nucleus of a cell

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3
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

DNA contains the instructions for making Proteins in the Cell.

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4
Q

What are Proteins made of?

A

Proteins are composed of Amino Acids

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5
Q

What are the relationships between DNA, Genes, Chromosomes, Nuclei and Cells?

A

DNA makes up Genes, which are contained within Chromosomes, which are contained in the Nucleus which is contained in the Cell.

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6
Q

How many pairs of Chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, sex chromosomes, differ between males and females

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7
Q

What is the Double Helix composed of?

A

The Double Helix is composed of 2 strands of DNA twisted together.

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8
Q

What makes up Nucleotide Monomers?

A

Nucleotide Monomers contain a Phosphate Group and a Deoxyribose Sugar (the backbone), and a Nitrogenous Base (Forms the ladder rungs).

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9
Q

What is each DNA Polymer Strand composed of?

A

Each DNA Polymer Strand is composed of many Nucleotide Monomers.

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10
Q

Recall the 4 Nucleotide Bases. GTCA

A

Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine

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11
Q

Define Complementary Nucleotide Base Pairing.

A

Two Nucleotide Bases that follow the lock and key principle. A and T, G and C

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12
Q

Recall Complementary base pairs.

A

Adenine binds to thymine and guanine binds to cytosine. AT, GC, TA, CG

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13
Q

Recall a basic Complementary Nucleotide Base sequence.

A

AGTCAGTC
TCAGTCAG

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14
Q

Define Mitosis.

A

Mitosis is Cell Division of 1 Parent Cell that results in 2 Daughter Cells that both contain the same number of Chromosomes as the Parent Nucleus.

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15
Q

Describe the difference between a Somatic Cell and a Gamete Cell.

A

Somatic Cells contain two full sets of Chromosomes (making them Diploid Cells). Gametes, on the other hand, are often Haploid Cells, meaning they have one set of chromosomes.

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16
Q

Define Diploid and Haploid Cells.

A

Haploid Cells contain a single set of Chromosomes (such as Gametes (Sex Cells)). Diploid Cells have two sets of Chromosomes (such as Somatic (Body) Cells)

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17
Q

Define Somatic and Gamete Cells.

A

Somatic Cells are body cells and are Diploid whereas Gamete Cells are Sex Cells and are Haploid.

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18
Q

Describe the role of Mitosis in the production of Somatic (body) cells.

A

The role of Mitosis is to create more diploid ((Somatic)Body)cells.

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19
Q

Recall the 4 phases of Mitosis: PMAT

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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20
Q

What does Mitosis entail?

A

Mitosis involves the Division of a Parent Cell into two Identical Daughter Cells.

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21
Q

Define Prophase.

A

Prophase is the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

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22
Q

Define Metaphase.

A

Metaphase is the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibres.

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23
Q

Define Anaphase.

A

Anaphase is the third stage of Cell Division, between Metaphase and Telophase, during which the Chromotids are pulled away from one another to opposite poles of the Spindle Fibres.

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24
Q

Define Telophase.

A

Telophase is the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

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25
Q

Define Chromatid.

A

Each chromosome contains two identical chromatids. Each contains a double helix of DNA

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26
Q

Define Spindle fibres.

A

Spindle fibers are protein structures that pull apart the genetic material (sister chromatids) in a cell when the cell divides.

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27
Q

Define Centromere

A

The centromere is a structure that connects the two chromatids in chromosomes.

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28
Q

Define Centriole

A

Centrioles are cylindrical organelles near the Nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of Spindle Fibres in Mitosis.

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29
Q

Define Nucleus and Nucleus Membrane

A

Nucleus - contains genetic material (Chromosomes)
Nucleus Membrane - A double layer of material that encloses the Cell’s Nucleus.

30
Q

Recall the role of the Nucleus during Mitosis.

A

The nucleus disassembles and reassembles each time mitosis occurs.

31
Q

Recall the role of the Centrioles during Mitosis.

A

The role of Centrioles during Mitosis is to produce Spindle Fibres.

32
Q

Recall the role of the Spindle Fibres during Mitosis.

A

The role of Spindle Fibres during Mitosis is to separate Chromosomes ready for Cell Division.

33
Q

Recall the role of the Centromere in Mitosis.

A

The role of the Centromere during Mitosis is to provide the foundation for the assembly of the Kinetochore.

34
Q

Define Kinetochore.

A

Kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein structure, associated with duplicated chromatids, where the Spindle Fibres attach during Cell Division to pull Sister (identical) Chromatids apart.

35
Q

Recall the role of Meiosis.

A

The role of meiosis is to produce gametes.

36
Q

Recall the phases of meiosis.

A

During Meiosis 1, the number of cells is doubled but the number of Chromosomes is not.
This results in 1/2 as many Chromosomes per cell (Haploid). In Meiosis 2, this division is like Mitosis in so far as the number of Chromosomes does not get reduced (remain Haploid).
Each time there is a split, the cells go through PMAT

37
Q

What is the role of sex chromosomes in determining the sex of an individual?

A

The male parent, being XY, can generate two types of sperm: half bear the X chromosome, half the Y. If the egg receives another X chromosome from the sperm, the resulting individual is XX, forms ovaries, and is female; if the egg receives a Y chromosome from the sperm, the individual is XY, forms testes, and is male.

38
Q

Are daughter cells in meiosis identical to parent cells?

A

No.

39
Q

In Meiosis the Parent Cells are … and the Daughter Cells are…?

A

The parent Cell is Diploid and the Daughter Cells are Haploid.

40
Q

Diploid Cells contain …?

A

2 sets of identical Chromosomes

41
Q

Haploid Cells contain…?

A

1 set of Chromosomes

42
Q

Define Monomers.

A

Monomers are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers. There are four types of monomers. Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Nucleotides

43
Q

Define Dominant Gene.

A

A gene is said to be dominant when it effectively overrules the other (recessive) allele. Expressed with an uppercase letter.

44
Q

Define Recessive Gene.

A

A recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a dominant gene

45
Q

Define Codominant Genes.

A

Codominant Genes are a phenomenon in which two alleles (different versions of the same gene) are expressed to an equal degree within an organism, such as Blood Type (eg AB)

46
Q

Define Incomplete Dominance

A

Incomplete dominant genes are a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.

47
Q

Define Genotype.

A

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles.

48
Q

Define Phenotype.

A

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

49
Q

Recall the difference between genotype and phenotype.

A

The genotype is a set of genes in DNA responsible for unique traits or characteristics, while the phenotype is the physical appearance or expression

49
Q

Define Allele.

A

An allele, or allelomorph, is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule.

50
Q

Define Expressed Genes

A

The genotype that is expressed.

50
Q

Define Inherited Genes.

A

Inherited Genes describes the passing of genetic information from parent to child through the genes in sperm and egg cells

51
Q

Describe the role of chance in determining which alleles contained within parents are inherited and expressed.

A

We can predict the possible phenotype of a organism based on chance.

52
Q

Define Homozygous.

A

having inherited the same versions (Alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. This included Homozygous Dominant and Homozygous Recessive.

53
Q

Define Heterozygous.

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. Eg Dominant and Recessive (Bb), Dd).

54
Q

Explain the relationship between gene expressions and environmental influence.

A

Environmental factors can affect and alter gene expression, while our genes can define how we respond to different environments.

55
Q

Name the organelles in an animal cell.

A

Nucleus and nucleus membrane, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi body/apparatus, cytoplasm, and cell/plasma membrane.

56
Q

Define dominant allele.

A

Dominance is one variant of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene.

57
Q

Define recessive allele.

A

A type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual. Two copies of the allele need to be present for the phenotype to be expressed.

58
Q

Define incomplete inheritance.

A

Incomplete inheritance occurs when neither of the two alleles present is able to completely hide the other

59
Q

Define co-dominance.

A

Co-dominance is a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

60
Q

Define genotype.

A

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material.

61
Q

Define phenotype.

A

The phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

62
Q

Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype.

A

A person’s genotype is their unique sequence of DNA. A persons phenotype is the observable expression of this genotype.

63
Q

Define an autosomal trait.

A

A trait is likely autosomal if it appears equally in males and females.

64
Q

Define a sex-linked trait.

A

Sex linked describes a trait present on a sex chromosome.

65
Q

Explain the relationship between gene expressions and environmental impact.

A

Whether a particular gene is expressed and the degree to which it is expressed depends strongly on the environmental conditions experienced by the organism.

66
Q

Recall the structure for writing a title for an investigation.

A

What effect does (IV) have on (DV)

67
Q

Recall the structure for writing a aim for an experiment.

A

The aim of this experiment is to determine the effect of (IV) on (DV).

68
Q

Define independent variable.

A

Variable being changed.

69
Q

Define dependent variable.

A

Variable being measured.

70
Q

Controlled variable.

A

Variables that are kept the same or constant to make the experiment fair.

Science Yr 10 (5 decks)

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